The Gusau Journal of Sociology, is a biannual, blind peer-reviewed publication of the Department of Sociology, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, Federal University, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria. It seeks to publish both original empirical or theoretical articles addressing wide-ranging academic and policy issues relevant to, but not limited to the fields of Sociology, Criminology, Anthropology, Public Health, Demography, Development Studies, Medical Sociology, Industrial Relations and Social Work.
Socio- Economic Status and the Utilization of Modern Family Planning Methods among Sexually Active Women in Nasarawa Southern Senatorial Zone
This study assessed socio-economic status and the utilization of modern family planning methods among sexually active women in Nasarawa South Senatorial Zone, Nasarawa State. This is premised on the thesis thatthe family being the bedrock of society, there is the need for proper family planning to drive meaningful development. The study specifically examined key socio-economic factors affecting the utilization of modern family planning methods among sexually active women in Nasarawa South Senatorial Zone of Nasarawa State. Such factors include level of education, occupation, income and location of residence. Data were collected using Questionnaire and key informant interview (KII). A total of 1067 questionnaire copies was administered, out of which 1,025, representing 96.1% return rate, were used for the analysis. The study which was conducted in Awe, Doma, Keana, Lafia and Obi, the five Local Government Areas that constitute the Nasarawa South Senatorial Zone, found that location of residence, educational level, occupation and income level, influence use of modern family planning methods among women in the study location and. recommends that Government and Non-Governmental organizations should intensify campaigns on girl-child education, enhance vocational and income generating activities for women and girls as well as create job opportunities for women to mitigate poverty. It also recommends that appropriate contraceptives should be made available to desiring women to boost family planning.
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Analysis of the Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Its Implications for Farmers in Nigeria
Occupational hazards in the agricultural sector, have posed serious risks to both workers’ lives and agricultural productivity. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is essential for safeguarding farmers’ health, safety and well-being. However, only a few studies in Nigeria have specifically examined the challenges that small and medium scale farmers face when adopting PPE for agrochemical use. This paper interrogates the challenges that small and medium scale farmers face in adopting PPE for agrochemical use and the health implications of their inability or failure to adequately make use of PPE when handling agrochemicals. In other words, the paper examines the barriers to PPE use among these farmers, utilizing secondary data while beingguided by the Fundamental Cause Theory. The paper underscores the need for increased awareness of the health risks associated with agrochemical usage in farm management. The paper concludes that the socio-economic status of farmers, has a significant effect on the use of PPE, and consequently affects the health status of the farmers in different ways. The paper recommends targeted interventions by both governmental and non-governmental organizations through a comprehensive education on the need for the use of PPE, good regulatory measures, as well as the alleviation of poverty among rural farmers through financial assistance, among others, to ensure that they can afford necessary safety equipment to mitigate the health risks associated with agrochemical usage.
Fuel subsidy removal and household health expenditures: A study of coping strategies in sub-urban areas of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
This study examined the impact of fuel subsidy removal on household health expenditure and coping strategies among residents of sub-urban communities in Makurdi Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria. Focusing on adults and household heads in Tse-Ikula, Apir, Tyo Mu, and Kanshio, the research adopts a descriptive and analytical design with a quantitative approach. A total of 300 respondents, representing the fully completed questionnaire copies from 350 distributed, were selected using Cochran’s formula and a stratified multi-stage sampling technique to ensure proportional representation across the four communities. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using appropriate statistical methods in SPSS version 27. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed, including frequencies, percentages, Chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression to explore associations, differences, and predictors among key variables. Findings revealed that fuel subsidy removal led to a substantial increase in household health expenditures, with 67% of respondents reporting higher medical costs. However, no statistically significant association was found between increased health expenditure and delay in seeking healthcare services (χ² = 1.67, p = 0.197). Income level showed only marginal influence on coping strategies, indicating that households across income categories adopted similar measures such as reducing non-essential spending, borrowing money, or switching to cheaper healthcare providers. The study concludes that while fuel subsidy removal has perceptible economic impacts on household budgets, its direct effect on healthcare-seeking behaviour remains limited. It recommends targeted health subsidies, expansion of community-based health insurance and strengthened primary healthcare systems to cushion vulnerable populations against the adverse effects of subsidy removal.
Gendered Communication and Demographic Perspectives on Fuel Subsidy Removal in Nigeria: Lessons for Policy Formulation
This study examined the gendered communicative implications of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria using insights from Feminist Economics, Gendered Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity theories. These frameworks explain why subsidy reforms, though fiscally necessary, produce unequal outcomes because women’s unpaid care roles, limited access to resources, and restricted economic mobility heighten their exposure to fuel-price shocks. A qualitative, interpretive mixed-method review design was adopted. The study analysed 35 academic articles, policy reports, NGO publications, and demographic datasets published between 2005 and 2024. Sources were drawn from major scholarly databases and institutional repositories. An intersectional feminist lens guided thematic analysis, while secondary datasets supported demographic profiling and triangulation. Findings show that fuel subsidy removal intensifies household energy burdens and inflationary pressures, disproportionately affecting women, informal workers, and low-income households. Women’s limited financial buffers, caregiving responsibilities, and dominance in the informal sector reduce their adaptive capacity and deepen economic strain. Communication analysis reveals that government and media messaging is largely gender-neutral, urban-centred, and inaccessible to many vulnerable groups, limiting understanding and engagement. Demographic data identify female-headed households, rural populations, informal traders, and youth in precarious employment as the most affected. Overall, the study demonstrates that subsidy removal has deeply gendered consequences and highlights the need for gender-responsive policymaking, inclusive communication strategies, and targeted social protection to ensure equitable reform outcomes.
Harnessing Nigeria’s Demographic Dividend: Empirical Evidence from Longitudinal National Data
This paper analysed Nigeria’s potential to harness her demographic dividend leading to accelerated economic development. Adopting Demographic Transition Theory, the research utilized quantitative methodology to situate the relationship between Nigeria’s shifting age structure and key economic indicators. Utilizing longitudinal data from the World Bank and the United Nations Population Division from 1990 to 2022, the analysis adopted regression models to measure the impact of demographic changes on GDP per capita growth. The study indicated that a 1 percentage point increase in the working-age population share is associated with a 0.4 percentage point increase in annual GDP per capita growth, confirming a statistically significant demographic dividend. Nevertheless, the potential remains stagnant due to significant regional disparities, especially between the Southern and Northern parts of Nigeria. For instance, while primary school enrollment exceeds 90% nationally, secondary enrollment falls below 50%, and critical infrastructure gaps persist, with only 57% of the population having access to electricity. The study concludes that Nigeria's youthful population, with 43% of its 220 million people under 15 years of age, presents a moment to decide how to address the issues by focusing on benefiting from the demographic dividends. The paper recommends targeted policy interventions focused on strategic investments in secondary and tertiary education, healthcare quality, and high-density job creation in manufacturing and digital sectors to transform the current demographic potential into sustainable and inclusive economic prosperity.
Factors affecting Women’s Participation in Community Development in Kakwagom-Boki Local Government Area - Cross River State
Community development is a vital aspect of sustainable growth and social progress, requiring the active involvement of all members, regardless of gender. In many regions of the world, including Kakwagom in Boki Local Government of Cross River State of Nigeria, women's participation in community development remains an issue of significant concern. This is even as women over the years, contribute to the growth of their society in spite of the many limitations standing in their way. This study explored the complex web of factors influencing women's participation in community development initiatives and specifically investigated the extent of women’s representation in decision-making bodies and their participation in community development. To appropriately tackle and capture the variables involved in the study, the qualitative research method was adopted. Two focus group discussions FGDs) and four in-depth interviews (IDIs) were carried out. Findings revealed a wealth of knowledge on factors affecting women's participation in community development in Kakwagom Boki Local Government of Cross River State, ranging from inability to access financial and property ownership to prevention of women from taking decisions in the community. The study recommends among others, improvement in women’s access to resources such as land, credit and healthcare facilities and appointment into positions of leadership and decision-making bodies in the community. Mentorship programmes, collaboration and networking should be encouraged among women's groups and other stakeholders to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and resources.
Experiences of Gender-Based Violence among girls in IDPs camps in Northeast Nigeria
This study is a desk review which seeks to assess gender-based violence (GBV) experiences among girls living in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps in North-Eastern Nigeria. Building on previous findings and existing literature, institutional and policy reports published between 2014 and 2024, the study examines the nature, causes, consequences, and gaps in responses related to gender-based violence in these humanitarian contexts. The study draws on existing empirical literature to highlight recurring patterns of vulnerability and structural inequality shaping the experiences of displaced girls. It further employs a sociological theoretical framework to explain how power relations and systemic deprivation reinforce these patterns of violence. Findings of the study reveal consistent sexual exploitation, forced or early marriage, violent physical treatment and trauma as the prevailing types of violence confronting girls in displaced camps. Factors contributing to this menace are deprived economic access, weaknesses in the protective institutions, prevailing patriarchal norms, and depletion in traditional protection system. The study also captures devastating mental, social, physical and economic implications for survivors. For the fact that there have been both humanitarian and government responses such as health services and legal framework, there remains gaps in the areas of funding, access, coordination and accountability. The study recommends improved services for survivors and upgrading the centres, legal re-enforcement, promoting equitable gender norms and investing in long-term protection systems to ensure the rights and dignity of displaced girls are upheld.
Effects of Communal Conflicts on Socio-Economic Activities in Oju Local Government Area of Benue State
Peace is the foundation upon which every society thrives. However, communal conflicts in Oju Local Government Area disrupt the peace, thereby affecting several livelihood activities. This paper examined the extent to which communal conflicts affect socio-economic activities in Oju Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. The paper adopted a descriptive survey design to assess the disruption of key socio-economic activities, including agriculture, trade, culture, and recreation. A total of 375 respondents were selected using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Data were collected through questionnaires and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and Pearson Correlation, while qualitative data were unbundled using content analysis. Findings revealed that communal conflicts significantly disrupted major socio-economic activities in the area. Crop farming, was greatly affected by destruction of farmlands and displacement of farmers, leading to food shortages and economic hardship. Trading activities declined due to insecurity, which hindered market operations and supply chains. Religious gatherings and cultural events were disrupted by fear and mistrust, reducing social cohesion and communal unity. Similarly, sports and other recreational activities that previously fostered youth engagement and peace were abandoned, thereby increasing youth involvement in violent activities. The Pearson Correlation result (r = 0.074, p = 0.03) confirmed a statistically significant relationship between communal conflicts and disruptions in socio-economic activities. It was concluded that communal conflicts erode economic stability, social cohesion, and peace-building opportunities, which exacerbates poverty and deepen divisions among communities The paper recommends that Local government, extension services, community leaders, and security agents should protect farmlands, grazing and fishing areas, markets, transport routes, recreational centres, cultural and worship centres to avert conflicts and ensure safe access and sustained agricultural and livestock productivity, cultural and recreational events.
Police Brutality and Human Rights in Shagamu Ogun State, Nigeria
Police brutality is a global phenomenon. The practice has dire consequences for fundamental human rights. It has far and remote implications for loss of lives and property. The limited literature on the police brutality and human rights prompted this research. The study assessed police brutality and human rights in Shagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria. It adopted mixed research methods and it is descriptive and cross-sectional in nature. It is anchored strain and routine activity theories. Primary data were obtained through the administration of questionnaire on 108 respondents in Shagamu, Ogun State. The Yamane Taro formula was adopted to determine the sample size. Simple and stratified sampling methods were employed. The study hypothesis tested on the significant relationship between police brutality and security of lives and property. The P-value of 0.292 exceeded the level of significance at 0.05, meaning that police brutality leads to loss of lives and property. The study recommends an established criminal justice system for trial and punishment of erring police officers while members of the public should be well-educated on their fundamental human rights as well as limits of police officers.
Persistence of Examination Malpractices as a Reflection of Dysfunctional Social Institutions in Nigeria: Evidence from the Federal University of Technology (FUTA) Akure
This research was conducted to make empirical findings on the persistence of Examination Malpractices (EMs) among students of higher institutions in Nigeria using the Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA) as a point of reference. A total of 466 participants responded to the online structured questionnaire disseminated through the social media platforms of WhatsApp and the Telegram over a period of three months (June- August, 2025). The data were analysed using SPSS package involving the use of chi-square for categorical data. Findings revealed that cheating in examination remains persistence because of systemic abnormalities which include some parents and staff who aid and abet cheating in examination as well as a lack of adequate facilities and unconducive environments for examinations The study recommends among other things that all stakeholders should be held accountable in issues of examination misconduct and adequate punishment measure be meted out to all perpetrators. It also recommends that the governments at all levels should prioritize improvements in the learning environment as well as ensuring the availability of appropriate facilities.
A Review of the Evolution of Criminology and its Impact on Criminal Justice Administration in Nigeria
This paper examined the historical progression of criminology and its impact on the administration of criminal justice in Nigeria, focusing on the challenges and possible solutions to enhance the system. The study utilizes a dialectical review method utilizing qualitative research design, within the Social Disorganization Theory. It delves into early criminological theories, such as the theological explanations, the classical school of thought, biological theories, psychological theories, and crime in primitive societies, tracing their effects on contemporary criminology. The research also addresses the development of criminology in Nigeria, the contributions of criminology to societal advancement, and the obstacles faced by the Nigerian criminal justice framework. The results indicate that criminology has greatly aided society by elucidating human behavior, advocating for justice, and promoting social order. Nonetheless, Nigeria's criminal justice system encounters several issues, including corruption, insufficient recruitment in law enforcement, and a lack of public confidence. To tackle these challenges, the study suggests improving accountability, boosting funding and resources, implementing community-based programs, and reinforcing anti-corruption agencies. By embracing these suggestions, Nigeria's justice system can become fairer and more effective, ultimately fostering justice and safety for its citizens.
Plea Bargain and the Culture of “Loot Plenty and Return Little” in Benue State, Nigeria
This study assessed the relationship between plea bargaining in Nigeria’s criminal justice system and the culture of “loot plenty and return little” in Benue State Nigeria. The study was anchored on the assumption that the increasing adoption of plea bargaining, though intended to enhance judicial efficiency, may have inadvertently weakened deterrence and accountability in corruption cases. A correlational research design was employed. A sample of 384 respondents was selected using data collected through a structured questionnaire and complemented with in-depth interviews. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for quantitative analysis, while thematic content analysis was applied for qualitative data. Findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between plea bargaining and the persistence of looting culture in Benue State. Respondents agreed that plea bargaining helps offenders escape full punishment (x̄ = 3.48, SD = 0.66) and promotes a culture of “loot plenty and return little” (x̄ = 3.46, SD = 0.67). The overall mean scores ranged from 3.38 to 3.52, indicating a broad consensus that plea bargaining encourages corruption and undermines accountability. Qualitative data further revealed that the process is perceived as biased toward wealthy and politically connected offenders, eroding public confidence in the justice system. The study concludes that while plea bargaining remains a potentially useful judicial mechanism, its current implementation in Nigeria especially in Benue State, fosters impunity. It recommends stronger statutory guidelines, transparent restitution processes, and public disclosure of plea deals to restore public trust and enhance the integrity of the justice system.
A Sociological Perspective on the Medicalisation of Crime in the Nigerian Justice System
Medicalisation of crime reflects a shift in contemporary Justice System, where deviant behaviour is interpreted and managed through medical frameworks. Within the Nigerian context, this phenomenon has deep implications, particularly in the treatment of delinquents associated with drug abuse, murder, insurgency, terrorism, and cybercrimes. This paper examines the trend of medicalising crimes within the Nigerian Justice System through the lens of Medical Sociology, justified by the need to interrogate the thin line between criminality and illness, and its importance lies in its capacity to illuminate the intersection between health and justice. Drawing on the theoretical framework such as Conrad’s theory of medicalisation, Foucault’s concept of the medical gaze, and labelling theory by Howard Becker, this paper explores how criminal behaviour is reframed as a product of mental disorders rather than deliberate aberration. The paper employs a conceptual and interpretive methodology as it does not rely on field data, but engages with ideas, theories, and existing literature. The paper examines selected judicial cases like Faith Isoken v. The State (2018), Edoho v. The State (2016), and Kaza v. The State (2008), as well as the administrative initiative programs like Operation Safe Corridor (2016–date). The analysis reveals that while medicalisation introduces a more humane approach to justice by recognizing offenders as individuals in need of treatment, it also exposes systemic inequalities. The affluent, who can afford psychiatric evaluation and legal representation, often benefit from mitigated judgments, whereas indigent defendants are denied similar consideration due to lack of access to psychiatric expertise. The study finds that this uneven application reproduces social and class disparities within the criminal justice system, thereby reinforcing structural inequality under the guise of therapeutic reform. It concludes that equitable access to forensic psychiatric evaluation and mental health services must be institutionalized within Nigeria’s Justice System to ensure justice that is both fair and restorative.
INFLUENCE OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENTS ON CONSUMER BUYING HABITS OF NIVEA PRODUCTS IN ADO-EKITI-NIGERIA
This study investigated the influence of celebrity endorsements on consumer buying habits of NIVEA products, how consumers perceive and respond to celebrity endorsements, the extent to which these endorsements shape consumer preferences and brand loyalty, and the impact of negative publicity about celebrity endorsers on purchasing decisions in Ado-Ekiti,. The study used questionnaire to gain in-depth insight into consumer behavior. The research objectives focused on determining the direct influence of celebrity endorsements on buying habits; ascertaining consumer perceptions and responses; evaluating the impact on brand preferences and loyalty; and assessing the effects of negative publicity. Findings indicate that celebrity endorsements significantly influence consumer buying habits for NIVEA products, enhancing brand awareness, creating emotional connections, building trust, and driving purchase decisions. The research also revealed that while celebrity endorsements are generally beneficial, they carry potential risks, particularly in cases of negative publicity. Despite these risks, strong brand loyalty suggests that NIVEA has successfully built a brand identity that transcends individual endorsers. The study therefore recommends that the NIVEA brand should ensure transparency and authenticity in endorsements and that they should also develop crisis management strategies in case of negative publicity about celebrity endorsers.
INTERROGATING THE PARADOX AND CONJECTURES OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE DEFICIT IN AFRICA
This paper examined leadership and governance crisis in contemporary Africa, and its attendant consequences on state development. Leadership failure has been the bane of African states since post-independence, decades ago. Lack of ideology and absence of leadership with transformative attitude has been one of several reasons why governance isreceding on the continent. The impact of leadership in promoting good governance and development of a state and a strong linkage between political leadership and good governance is what define transformative and responsive government that cares for welfare of the citizenry. However, with few exceptions in some African states, citizens have continued to bear the burden of leadership failure. The key objective of this paper is to examine the major impacts of leadership on good governance. While the paper acknowledges the efforts of some of these political leaders to transform their states, the fact however, remains that the means of executing these noble transformative goals are in a “state of vacillation”. The studyadopted elite theory as its theoretical framework and relied on secondary source of information for its data. The paper found that the recycling of poor leadership has continued to dash all hopes of achieving growth and development in Africa and recommends that stakeholders in these countries must device new approaches to leadership recruitment; while the political leadership must strive to promote probity, accountability and good governance.
EXAMINING THE ROLE OF POLITICAL GODFATHERISM IN SHAPING DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA
Political godfatherism remains a pervasive and deleterious phenomenon within Nigerian politics, posing significant challenges to democratic consolidation and political development. This paper interrogates the multifaceted roles of political godfathers, who exert undue influence over elected officials through financial patronage and sponsorship. Such influence undermines electoral integrity and governance. Utilizing a documentary review methodology, the study synthesizes historical records, contemporary analyses, and academic literature, selected based on relevance and credibility, for the period 2015-2024, to contextualize the entrenchment of godfatherism in Nigerian politics. Systematic content analysis was applied to these documents, enabling the identification of key themes and patterns. The analysis is anchored on the theory of neopatrimonialism, which demonstrates how personalistic power relations, clientelism, and informal patronage networks within formal bureaucratic structures subvert democratic institutions. Findings reveal that political godfatherism restricts electoral competitiveness, debilitates civic culture, exacerbates socio-economic inequalities, and perpetuates elite dominance in governance. Godfathers manipulate candidate selection, influence policy decisions, and foster political violence, thereby eroding public accountability and cultivating widespread apathy towards political participation. These dynamics significantly hinder Nigeria’s progress towards democratic maturity. The study recommends enhancing civic engagement and political participation, promoting public interest journalism, reforming electoral laws to facilitate the emergence of alternative political platforms, and revising internal party regulations as antidotes to elite manipulation. Such interventions will serve to recalibrate political structures toward inclusive and accountable governance.
PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF TYPE2 DIABETES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR IN KATAGUM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BAUCHI STATE
This research examined knowledge of type2 diabetes among members of the public in Katagum Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria. It assessed the factors that shape health-seeking behaviour among the public in general and people with type 2 diabetes in particular as well as provide insights into healthcare practices in the region. Through a mix of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, including surveys and interviews, the study succeeded in bringing to the fore, salient issues impacting health-seeking practices in this population. The study recommends that tailored interventions should consider working with religious leaders to spread awareness about Type 2 Diabetes as religious leaders could be powerful allies in disseminating health messages that will increase not only public awareness, but patient care strategies in managing type 2 diabetes as well.
IMPACT OF SOCIOCULTURAL BELIEFS ON MATERNAL HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOR AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN ZAMFARA STATE
Maternal health outcomes in Nigeria remain among the poorest globally, particularly in northern states such as Zamfara, with socio-cultural factors playing pivotal roles in influencing women’s health-seeking behavior. This study explored how cultural norms, religious beliefs, gender roles, and traditional healthcare systems affect the utilization of maternal health services among women of reproductive age in Zamfara State. Employing a mixed-methods design, data were collected from 150 women through surveys and 12 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) sessions across three local government areas: Gusau, Kaura Namoda, and Anka. The findings revealed that early marriage, low level of women's autonomy, practice of spiritual healing, reliance on traditional birth attendants, and minimal male involvement, pose significant obstacles to accessing antenatal and skilled birth care. Even though there is an awareness of the advantages of formal healthcare, cultural preferences, financial limitations, and interpretations of religious beliefs affect women’s choices. The study recommends culturally sensitive health interventions, community engagement, and policy reforms to enhance maternal healthcare utilization.
PROTESTS AND THE CHALLENGE OF ADDRESSING UNRESOLVED SOCIOECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ISSUES IN NIGERIA’S 2024 “END BAD GOVERNMENT” MOVEMENT
Nations exist because of the people, and the people make democracies endearing. Public protest has remained a basic right and important activity in a democracy. Over the years, Nigeria has faced numerous environmental, political, and socio-economic problems begging for attention and answers. The government seems unperturbed about finding lasting solutions to these challenges as the political leadership is more concerned with capturing and holding on to power. In the long run, the people have resort to protests demanding solutions to these recurring societal challenges. This study interrogated protests and the challenge of addressing unresolved socioeconomic and political issues in Nigeria’s 2024 “End Bad Government” Movement. The study adopted David Easton’s System theory as a theoretical framework for analysis and the secondary method of data analysis. Thus, the study examined whether bad leadership and unresponsive governance result in protests in Nigeria, and whether suppression of dissenting voices results in protests in Nigeria. The findings revealed that bad leadership, infringement on rights and inability to access basic social amenities, among others, have often resulted in protests in Nigeria. Also, insensitive leadership significantly affected protests, and in most cases, affects government policies. The study concludes that protests have ignited conversations about governance, accountability, and human rights in Nigeria. The “End bad government” protest also created awareness of social issues, activated civic activism necessitated by political consciousness and engagement, leading to policy reforms. As such, comprehensive reforms, when put in place to ensure that rights are protected, the well-being and welfare of the people are realized, and basic social amenities are accessible, will surely prevent protests in Nigeria.
HERDER-FARMER CRISES AND FOOD SECURITY IN AGATU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
Herder-farmer crises have become frequent occurrences especially among rural communities in recent years. Farmers have decried their inability to undertake farming activities due to such crises. Thus, this incidence has brought about food scarcity and hike in food prices not only in the affected communities but across the globe. This study therefore assessed herder-farmer crises and food security in Agatu Local Government Area of Benue State. Specifically, the study investigated the causes of herder-farmer crises and the consequences on food security. The study adopted the frustration-aggression theory and utilized cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 394 respondents was drawn from a population of 166,900 using multistage sampling technique. The instrument used for data collection was semi-structured interview. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics tool such as frequencies and simple percentages. Findings identified land encroachment, inadequacy of security personnel and absence of anti-open grazing law as causes of the crises. Findings indicated that herder-farmer crises affect food availability, accessibility and stability in the study area by denying farmers access to farmlands to cultivate crops. The study therefore recommends that the Benue State Government in collaboration with the Federal Government should as a matter of urgency deploy adequate security personnel to Agatu land. The Federal Government should also compensate victims of the crises as most of them lack shelter, adequate food and access to quality health care, amongst others.
RETHINKING DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION OF COMBATANTS IN 21ST CENTURY NIGERIA'S ARMED FORCES
Nigeria contends with entrenched armed conflicts involving state and non-state actors, severely impacting national security and socio-economic stability. Despite longstanding Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) efforts aimed at transitioning combatants to civilian life, challenges persist in effectively reintegrating ex-combatants, particularly in economically marginalized regions like the Niger Delta. This study critically assesses current DDR programs in Nigeria, highlighting their shortcomings and proposing innovative 21st-century strategies. Drawing from conflict theory, it examines socio-economic, political, and psychological factors influencing ex-combatants' reintegration. This study employs a documentary research design, relying on the systematic analysis of existing reports, policy documents, and academic literature to evaluate the implementation and outcomes of Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programs in Nigeria. Key findings underscore significant gaps in economic support and societal acceptance, hindering sustainable reintegration efforts. The study advocates for tailored interventions that prioritize economic empowerment, community engagement, and psychosocial support to mitigate re-mobilization risks and promote lasting peace. Policy recommendations include enhancing vocational training aligned with local job markets, supporting entrepreneurial initiatives through microfinance, and implementing robust monitoring frameworks to ensure effective program evaluation and adaptation.
ANALYSIS OF PROFITABILITY OF TOMATO (Lycopersicum spp) MARKETING AMONG RURAL WOMEN IN OLAMABORO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE-NIGERIA
This study assessed the constraints to tomato marketing among rural women in Olamaboro Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study looked at the cost and returns of tomato marketing; ascertained the effects of tomato marketers’ socioeconomic variables on their income; and identified major constraints to tomato marketing. These objectives were delineated to address the problems of tomato perishability due to absence of storage facilities and paucity of market information among the marketers. A purposive random sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents for the study. Primary data obtained through structured questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics, gross margin model, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regression model, and mean score from Likert type of scale. Findings of this study revealed that 65.1% of rural women involved in tomato marketing were in their active age of 32 years with a mean household size of 7 members, and an average marketing experience of 11 years. Most (73.3%) had no extension contacts. The gross margin analysis indicated a gross margin from tomato marketing per month of N54, 745 with a benefit cost ratio of N1.90k. Estimates of the OLS revealed that the semi-log was chosen as the lead equation due to its R2 of 0.877which implied that about 88% of the variation in the changes in income from tomato marketing is influenced by the independent variables considered. The results showed that years of schooling, household size, and marketing experience positively influenced the income from tomato marketing at 1% level of significance. Major constraints faced by women involved in tomato marketing in the area included high perishability of tomatoes (M = 3.4), poor storage facilities (M= 3.4), disease and pest infestation (M = 3.3), high transportation cost and low price of tomato (M = 3.2 respectively), high labour cost and lack of operational cost constituted (M = 3.1 respectively). The study therefore recommends that tomato marketers should expand their scale of operation as this will enable them enjoy economies of scale with positive effects on increased income, while both the Kogi State and Federal governments should improve rural infrastructure to address marketers’ associated problems such as storage facilities, good road networks, markets and power supply.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND THE 2020 #ENDSARs PROTESTS IN IBADAN METROPOLIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PEACEBUILDING
Prior to the 2020 #EndSARs protests in Nigeria, various degrees of human rights abuses and impunity against the youths by the defunct Special Anti-Robbery Squad unit of the Nigeria Police Force were rampant in the country, with virtually no SARS’ officer facing prosecution for violating the law. Consequently, in October 2020, there was an eruption of the #EndSARs protests by the youths in Nigeria, especially in the southern part of the country against the SARS over the gruesome murder of a young man in Ughelli, Delta State. While studies have blamed the 2020 #EndSARs protests on the abuses of the youths’ rights by the officers of the defunct SARS, scarcely has any study looked in the direction of the prevailing social inequality at the time as a remote precursor to the protests, particularly in Ibadan, where this paper is centred. This paper therefore, examines social inequality as a precipitating remote factor for the 2020 #EndSARs protest in Ibadan Metropolis. The paper is theoretical in approach hence, secondary sources of data (i.e. published articles, textbooks, reports, the internet, etc.) were utilized, content-analysed and deductions drawn. Findings implicated the prevailing social inequality in Ibadan at the time as largely responsible for the 2020 #EndSARs protest in Ibadan Metropolis, notwithstanding its purported immediate trigger – rights abuses by the Police. It is therefore, recommended among others, that the Oyo state government should make concerted efforts in containing the high rates of unemployment, underemployment and poverty driving social inequality among the youths in the state.
ADOLESCENT–PARENT COMMUNICATION ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ISSUES AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MAKURDI METROPOLIS, BENUE STATE-NIGERIA
Adolescent – parent communication on sexual and reproductive health issues have been a challenge in developing countries where culture and tradition have seemingly embargoed such discussions. The study investigated adolescent – parent communication on sexual and reproductive health issues among secondary school students in Makurdi metropolis, Benue State. The specific objectives were to: ascertain the level of awareness of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issue, the effects of SRH communication on sexual practices and behavior, and the factors affecting adolescent-parent communication on SRH issues. The study adopted the family communication theory as a theoretical guide and adopted a cross sectional survey design. A total of 394 respondents were selected using multistage sampling. Data were collected with the use of questionnaire. Data were analyzed and hypotheses were tested with the use of SPSS and descriptive statistics utilizing frequency tables and percentages. Findings revealed among others that the level of awareness of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues among secondary school students in the area was low; the major effects of SRH communication on the sexual practices and behaviour wereincreased knowledge and understanding of risky sexual behaviour, delay in early sexual debut, improved contraceptive use and reduced incidences of unplanned pregnancies. Factors affecting adolescent parent communicationon SRH issues were identified as cultural and social norms like taboos and generational gap, fear of misconception, negative societal attitudes towards discussing sexuality which create shame and discomfort.The study recommends that parents should improve adolescent – parent communication on sexual and reproductive health issues to ensure the passage of genuine information to adolescents to enable them make informed choices concerning their sexual lives; parents should initiate discussions on SRH issues with their adolescents’ children early in life to ensure that they make the right choices concerning their sexual life. Parents should also forge strong bonds with their children through an atmosphere of friendship and trust, to enable them freely discuss sensitive issues concerning sexual and reproductive health issues.
PREVALENCE OF KIDNAPPING OF CATHOLIC PRIESTS AND THE EROSION OF SOCIAL ORDER IN NIGERIA
The core responsibility of the government is to protect lives and property. In the last decade, Catholic priests had been the target of kidnappers in Nigeria, thereby negatively impacting the Church and social order. This study examined the kidnapping of Catholic priests and the erosion of social order in Nigeria. The study was guided by the assumptions of the social contract theory developed by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Utilizing secondary data obtained through media reports, journal articles, government publications and church publications, the paper employed thematic-content analysis to make sense of the data elicited for the study. The results revealed a widespread threat, with the Port Harcourt Diocese reporting the highest number of cases (20.65%), followed by Owerri Diocese (17.03%), Kaduna Diocese (11.23%) and Onitsha Diocese (10.87%). The kidnapping of Catholic priests in Nigeria spanning the period of 2015 and 2025, has been a systemic and escalating crisis with far-reaching consequences for social order, undermining security, disrupting religious life and weakening public trust and communal stability. The implication of the finding for the study is that the widespread and targeted kidnapping of these harmless men of God, reflects a deepening security crisis in Nigeria, revealing the country’s inability to protect religious figures and emphasizing the pressing need for comprehensive security and socio-political interventions. Addressing this requires comprehensive security reforms, socio-economic interventions and enhanced collaboration between the Church, communities and the government, to restore public safety, religious dignity and societal stability.
COPING STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND HEALTH-RELATED CHALLENGES AMONG ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS IN KADUNA NORTH AREA OF KADUNA STATE - NIGERIA
This study examined the coping strategies adopted by elderly individuals in managing socio-economic and health-related challenges in Kaduna North Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, data were collected from elderly respondents through surveys and in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that the most commonly reported challenges include inadequate food supply, lack of social and emotional support, inability to purchase medication, isolation, and poor housing. In response to these difficulties, the most frequently adopted coping mechanisms include prayer and seeking spiritual comfort, medical treatment, self-control, and social engagement. However, fewer respondents reported engaging in health-promoting behaviors such as maintaining a healthy diet and regular physical activity. Financial challenges were primarily managed through reliance on financial support from children, engaging in economic activities, and, to a lesser extent, depending on pensions or informal employment. The study highlights the critical role of spirituality and family support in the well-being of elderly individuals, while also identifying gaps in self-care practices and financial security. Based on these findings, the study recommends policy interventions to improve access to healthcare, nutritional support programs and economic empowerment initiatives to enhance the quality of life for elderly individuals.
EFFECTS OF KIDNAPPING ON VICTIMS’ EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN CHIKUN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Kidnapping poses a significant threat to educational stability in Nigeria, particularly in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. This qualitative study investigated the effects of kidnapping on the academic activities of victims and explores coping mechanisms employed by victims and their families. Data for the study were obtained from 20 IDI respondents made up of kidnap victims and their family members from six political wards of Chikun, Kujama, Rido, Kakau, Sabon-Gari and Kuriga. The study adopted the theory of social disorganization as its theoretical framework In-depth interviews with victims revealed that kidnapping disrupts educational continuity, leading to reduced school enrollment and academic performance. Ethnographic analysis highlighted the long-term psychological and socio-economic impacts on victims. The study recommends multifaceted interventions, including victim support and counseling programs, financial assistance for educational expenses, and community-based initiatives to mitigate the effects of kidnapping. It stressed the need for policymakers, educators, and stakeholders to emplace targeted support mechanisms to ensure educational continuity and resilience among kidnap victims.
A THEORETICAL REVIEW OF ETHNIC IDENTITY AS IMPEDIMENT TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
This paper is a theoretical review of ethnic identity as an impediment to sustainable development in Nigeria. Ethnic identity has continued to create wide spread division among Nigerians, bringing about instability and insecurity to lives and property. The menace has impeded the efforts toward achieving sustainable development in Nigeria. The paper adopted the Social Identity Theory developed by Tajfel and Turner in 1979 as the theoretical framework. The methodology utilized in this paper is essentially documentary review of literature and statistical data analysis of ethnic identity as an impediment towards achieving sustainable development. The paper argues that with the return of democracy in 1999, the country reinforced the trend with series of violence which affect sustainable development. This created division, anxiety and fear among Nigerians resulting in ethnic killings, which hindered Nigeria’s match toward sustainable development. The trend has affected sustainable development as every state of the nation is bugged by ethnic identity crisis. The trend is compounded by the so-called federal character principle or quota system. The paper concludes that Nigeria cannot achieve sustainable development with the current problem of ethnic identities and recommends the abolition of the idea of identity construction that has led to ethnic identities and hindered the achievement of sustainable development. The paper also recommends that the national assembly should repeal the Act establishing the Federal Character Principle or Quota System in Nigeria.
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF ALFRED SCHUTZ (1899-1959) TO THE EVOLUTION OF PHENOMENOLOGY
Alfred Schutz is known for developing and expanding on Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology, particularly in the realm of the social sciences. While Husserl focused on the structures of consciousness and how objects are perceived, Schutz applied phenomenology to the understanding of the social world, emphasizing how people make sense of their everyday experience. This paper highlighted the contributions of Alfred Schutz to the evolution of phenomenology. Alfred Schutz brought the term, phenomenology into the field of sociology and applied it to address and provide solutions to the problems of society. The key concepts in Alfred Schutz’s phenomenology include life-world, intersubjectivity, stock of knowledge and typifications. Phenomenology in sociology developed around symbolic interactionism and the idea that society is made by people rather than the other way round. The methodology used for this paper is content analysis and the sources of data are secondary. This paper notes that Alfred Schutz’s work emphasizes that the subjective experience of social reality will continue to be influential in the field of sociology.
PREVALENCE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PREDICTORS OF COMMUTER UNIONS IN NIGERIA
Changes have continued to take place in the marriage process given the proportion that is considered married as well as living arrangements after marriage in Nigeria. However, systematic documentation of these changes has been scanty. This study examined the prevalence and socioeconomic predictors of couples in commuter unions in Nigeria. Data was obtained from a nationally representative sample of 8,079 couples from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression were used for the data analysis. The results show that 47% of couples in Nigeria are commuters. In 30%, males alone commute, and women commute alone in about 10%, whereas both commute in 7%. The likelihood of being in a union where only the man commutes decreases significantly when the woman is aged 25-29 and 35-39. The probability that the woman commutes alone significantly increases when the woman has attained secondary and higher education. The likelihood that both partners commute increases significantly when both the man and woman have attained secondary and higher education, work in clerical/services and sales occupations and are living together (not legally married). The results indicate a need for policy reform and initiatives to address the needs of commuting couples in Nigeria, expand job opportunities, diversify the location of industries, and invest more in transportation infrastructure to lessen the commuting burden of couples in Nigeria.