The Gusau Journal of Sociology, is a biannual, blind peer-reviewed publication of the Department of Sociology, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, Federal University, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria. It seeks to publish both original empirical or theoretical articles addressing wide-ranging academic and policy issues relevant to, but not limited to the fields of Sociology, Criminology, Anthropology, Public Health, Demography, Development Studies, Medical Sociology, Industrial Relations and Social Work.
INFLUENCE OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENTS ON CONSUMER BUYING HABITS OF NIVEA PRODUCTS IN ADO-EKITI-NIGERIA
This study investigated the influence of celebrity endorsements on consumer buying habits of NIVEA products, how consumers perceive and respond to celebrity endorsements, the extent to which these endorsements shape consumer preferences and brand loyalty, and the impact of negative publicity about celebrity endorsers on purchasing decisions in Ado-Ekiti,. The study used questionnaire to gain in-depth insight into consumer behavior. The research objectives focused on determining the direct influence of celebrity endorsements on buying habits; ascertaining consumer perceptions and responses; evaluating the impact on brand preferences and loyalty; and assessing the effects of negative publicity. Findings indicate that celebrity endorsements significantly influence consumer buying habits for NIVEA products, enhancing brand awareness, creating emotional connections, building trust, and driving purchase decisions. The research also revealed that while celebrity endorsements are generally beneficial, they carry potential risks, particularly in cases of negative publicity. Despite these risks, strong brand loyalty suggests that NIVEA has successfully built a brand identity that transcends individual endorsers. The study therefore recommends that the NIVEA brand should ensure transparency and authenticity in endorsements and that they should also develop crisis management strategies in case of negative publicity about celebrity endorsers.
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INTERROGATING THE PARADOX AND CONJECTURES OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE DEFICIT IN AFRICA
This paper examined leadership and governance crisis in contemporary Africa, and its attendant consequences on state development. Leadership failure has been the bane of African states since post-independence, decades ago. Lack of ideology and absence of leadership with transformative attitude has been one of several reasons why governance isreceding on the continent. The impact of leadership in promoting good governance and development of a state and a strong linkage between political leadership and good governance is what define transformative and responsive government that cares for welfare of the citizenry. However, with few exceptions in some African states, citizens have continued to bear the burden of leadership failure. The key objective of this paper is to examine the major impacts of leadership on good governance. While the paper acknowledges the efforts of some of these political leaders to transform their states, the fact however, remains that the means of executing these noble transformative goals are in a “state of vacillation”. The studyadopted elite theory as its theoretical framework and relied on secondary source of information for its data. The paper found that the recycling of poor leadership has continued to dash all hopes of achieving growth and development in Africa and recommends that stakeholders in these countries must device new approaches to leadership recruitment; while the political leadership must strive to promote probity, accountability and good governance.
EXAMINING THE ROLE OF POLITICAL GODFATHERISM IN SHAPING DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA
Political godfatherism remains a pervasive and deleterious phenomenon within Nigerian politics, posing significant challenges to democratic consolidation and political development. This paper interrogates the multifaceted roles of political godfathers, who exert undue influence over elected officials through financial patronage and sponsorship. Such influence undermines electoral integrity and governance. Utilizing a documentary review methodology, the study synthesizes historical records, contemporary analyses, and academic literature, selected based on relevance and credibility, for the period 2015-2024, to contextualize the entrenchment of godfatherism in Nigerian politics. Systematic content analysis was applied to these documents, enabling the identification of key themes and patterns. The analysis is anchored on the theory of neopatrimonialism, which demonstrates how personalistic power relations, clientelism, and informal patronage networks within formal bureaucratic structures subvert democratic institutions. Findings reveal that political godfatherism restricts electoral competitiveness, debilitates civic culture, exacerbates socio-economic inequalities, and perpetuates elite dominance in governance. Godfathers manipulate candidate selection, influence policy decisions, and foster political violence, thereby eroding public accountability and cultivating widespread apathy towards political participation. These dynamics significantly hinder Nigeria’s progress towards democratic maturity. The study recommends enhancing civic engagement and political participation, promoting public interest journalism, reforming electoral laws to facilitate the emergence of alternative political platforms, and revising internal party regulations as antidotes to elite manipulation. Such interventions will serve to recalibrate political structures toward inclusive and accountable governance.
PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF TYPE2 DIABETES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR IN KATAGUM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BAUCHI STATE
This research examined knowledge of type2 diabetes among members of the public in Katagum Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria. It assessed the factors that shape health-seeking behaviour among the public in general and people with type 2 diabetes in particular as well as provide insights into healthcare practices in the region. Through a mix of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, including surveys and interviews, the study succeeded in bringing to the fore, salient issues impacting health-seeking practices in this population. The study recommends that tailored interventions should consider working with religious leaders to spread awareness about Type 2 Diabetes as religious leaders could be powerful allies in disseminating health messages that will increase not only public awareness, but patient care strategies in managing type 2 diabetes as well.
IMPACT OF SOCIOCULTURAL BELIEFS ON MATERNAL HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOR AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN ZAMFARA STATE
Maternal health outcomes in Nigeria remain among the poorest globally, particularly in northern states such as Zamfara, with socio-cultural factors playing pivotal roles in influencing women’s health-seeking behavior. This study explored how cultural norms, religious beliefs, gender roles, and traditional healthcare systems affect the utilization of maternal health services among women of reproductive age in Zamfara State. Employing a mixed-methods design, data were collected from 150 women through surveys and 12 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) sessions across three local government areas: Gusau, Kaura Namoda, and Anka. The findings revealed that early marriage, low level of women's autonomy, practice of spiritual healing, reliance on traditional birth attendants, and minimal male involvement, pose significant obstacles to accessing antenatal and skilled birth care. Even though there is an awareness of the advantages of formal healthcare, cultural preferences, financial limitations, and interpretations of religious beliefs affect women’s choices. The study recommends culturally sensitive health interventions, community engagement, and policy reforms to enhance maternal healthcare utilization.
PROTESTS AND THE CHALLENGE OF ADDRESSING UNRESOLVED SOCIOECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ISSUES IN NIGERIA’S 2024 “END BAD GOVERNMENT” MOVEMENT
Nations exist because of the people, and the people make democracies endearing. Public protest has remained a basic right and important activity in a democracy. Over the years, Nigeria has faced numerous environmental, political, and socio-economic problems begging for attention and answers. The government seems unperturbed about finding lasting solutions to these challenges as the political leadership is more concerned with capturing and holding on to power. In the long run, the people have resort to protests demanding solutions to these recurring societal challenges. This study interrogated protests and the challenge of addressing unresolved socioeconomic and political issues in Nigeria’s 2024 “End Bad Government” Movement. The study adopted David Easton’s System theory as a theoretical framework for analysis and the secondary method of data analysis. Thus, the study examined whether bad leadership and unresponsive governance result in protests in Nigeria, and whether suppression of dissenting voices results in protests in Nigeria. The findings revealed that bad leadership, infringement on rights and inability to access basic social amenities, among others, have often resulted in protests in Nigeria. Also, insensitive leadership significantly affected protests, and in most cases, affects government policies. The study concludes that protests have ignited conversations about governance, accountability, and human rights in Nigeria. The “End bad government” protest also created awareness of social issues, activated civic activism necessitated by political consciousness and engagement, leading to policy reforms. As such, comprehensive reforms, when put in place to ensure that rights are protected, the well-being and welfare of the people are realized, and basic social amenities are accessible, will surely prevent protests in Nigeria.
HERDER-FARMER CRISES AND FOOD SECURITY IN AGATU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
Herder-farmer crises have become frequent occurrences especially among rural communities in recent years. Farmers have decried their inability to undertake farming activities due to such crises. Thus, this incidence has brought about food scarcity and hike in food prices not only in the affected communities but across the globe. This study therefore assessed herder-farmer crises and food security in Agatu Local Government Area of Benue State. Specifically, the study investigated the causes of herder-farmer crises and the consequences on food security. The study adopted the frustration-aggression theory and utilized cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 394 respondents was drawn from a population of 166,900 using multistage sampling technique. The instrument used for data collection was semi-structured interview. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics tool such as frequencies and simple percentages. Findings identified land encroachment, inadequacy of security personnel and absence of anti-open grazing law as causes of the crises. Findings indicated that herder-farmer crises affect food availability, accessibility and stability in the study area by denying farmers access to farmlands to cultivate crops. The study therefore recommends that the Benue State Government in collaboration with the Federal Government should as a matter of urgency deploy adequate security personnel to Agatu land. The Federal Government should also compensate victims of the crises as most of them lack shelter, adequate food and access to quality health care, amongst others.
RETHINKING DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION OF COMBATANTS IN 21ST CENTURY NIGERIA'S ARMED FORCES
Nigeria contends with entrenched armed conflicts involving state and non-state actors, severely impacting national security and socio-economic stability. Despite longstanding Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) efforts aimed at transitioning combatants to civilian life, challenges persist in effectively reintegrating ex-combatants, particularly in economically marginalized regions like the Niger Delta. This study critically assesses current DDR programs in Nigeria, highlighting their shortcomings and proposing innovative 21st-century strategies. Drawing from conflict theory, it examines socio-economic, political, and psychological factors influencing ex-combatants' reintegration. This study employs a documentary research design, relying on the systematic analysis of existing reports, policy documents, and academic literature to evaluate the implementation and outcomes of Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programs in Nigeria. Key findings underscore significant gaps in economic support and societal acceptance, hindering sustainable reintegration efforts. The study advocates for tailored interventions that prioritize economic empowerment, community engagement, and psychosocial support to mitigate re-mobilization risks and promote lasting peace. Policy recommendations include enhancing vocational training aligned with local job markets, supporting entrepreneurial initiatives through microfinance, and implementing robust monitoring frameworks to ensure effective program evaluation and adaptation.
ANALYSIS OF PROFITABILITY OF TOMATO (Lycopersicum spp) MARKETING AMONG RURAL WOMEN IN OLAMABORO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE-NIGERIA
This study assessed the constraints to tomato marketing among rural women in Olamaboro Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study looked at the cost and returns of tomato marketing; ascertained the effects of tomato marketers’ socioeconomic variables on their income; and identified major constraints to tomato marketing. These objectives were delineated to address the problems of tomato perishability due to absence of storage facilities and paucity of market information among the marketers. A purposive random sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents for the study. Primary data obtained through structured questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics, gross margin model, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regression model, and mean score from Likert type of scale. Findings of this study revealed that 65.1% of rural women involved in tomato marketing were in their active age of 32 years with a mean household size of 7 members, and an average marketing experience of 11 years. Most (73.3%) had no extension contacts. The gross margin analysis indicated a gross margin from tomato marketing per month of N54, 745 with a benefit cost ratio of N1.90k. Estimates of the OLS revealed that the semi-log was chosen as the lead equation due to its R2 of 0.877which implied that about 88% of the variation in the changes in income from tomato marketing is influenced by the independent variables considered. The results showed that years of schooling, household size, and marketing experience positively influenced the income from tomato marketing at 1% level of significance. Major constraints faced by women involved in tomato marketing in the area included high perishability of tomatoes (M = 3.4), poor storage facilities (M= 3.4), disease and pest infestation (M = 3.3), high transportation cost and low price of tomato (M = 3.2 respectively), high labour cost and lack of operational cost constituted (M = 3.1 respectively). The study therefore recommends that tomato marketers should expand their scale of operation as this will enable them enjoy economies of scale with positive effects on increased income, while both the Kogi State and Federal governments should improve rural infrastructure to address marketers’ associated problems such as storage facilities, good road networks, markets and power supply.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY AND THE 2020 #ENDSARs PROTESTS IN IBADAN METROPOLIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PEACEBUILDING
Prior to the 2020 #EndSARs protests in Nigeria, various degrees of human rights abuses and impunity against the youths by the defunct Special Anti-Robbery Squad unit of the Nigeria Police Force were rampant in the country, with virtually no SARS’ officer facing prosecution for violating the law. Consequently, in October 2020, there was an eruption of the #EndSARs protests by the youths in Nigeria, especially in the southern part of the country against the SARS over the gruesome murder of a young man in Ughelli, Delta State. While studies have blamed the 2020 #EndSARs protests on the abuses of the youths’ rights by the officers of the defunct SARS, scarcely has any study looked in the direction of the prevailing social inequality at the time as a remote precursor to the protests, particularly in Ibadan, where this paper is centred. This paper therefore, examines social inequality as a precipitating remote factor for the 2020 #EndSARs protest in Ibadan Metropolis. The paper is theoretical in approach hence, secondary sources of data (i.e. published articles, textbooks, reports, the internet, etc.) were utilized, content-analysed and deductions drawn. Findings implicated the prevailing social inequality in Ibadan at the time as largely responsible for the 2020 #EndSARs protest in Ibadan Metropolis, notwithstanding its purported immediate trigger – rights abuses by the Police. It is therefore, recommended among others, that the Oyo state government should make concerted efforts in containing the high rates of unemployment, underemployment and poverty driving social inequality among the youths in the state.
ADOLESCENT–PARENT COMMUNICATION ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ISSUES AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MAKURDI METROPOLIS, BENUE STATE-NIGERIA
Adolescent – parent communication on sexual and reproductive health issues have been a challenge in developing countries where culture and tradition have seemingly embargoed such discussions. The study investigated adolescent – parent communication on sexual and reproductive health issues among secondary school students in Makurdi metropolis, Benue State. The specific objectives were to: ascertain the level of awareness of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issue, the effects of SRH communication on sexual practices and behavior, and the factors affecting adolescent-parent communication on SRH issues. The study adopted the family communication theory as a theoretical guide and adopted a cross sectional survey design. A total of 394 respondents were selected using multistage sampling. Data were collected with the use of questionnaire. Data were analyzed and hypotheses were tested with the use of SPSS and descriptive statistics utilizing frequency tables and percentages. Findings revealed among others that the level of awareness of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues among secondary school students in the area was low; the major effects of SRH communication on the sexual practices and behaviour wereincreased knowledge and understanding of risky sexual behaviour, delay in early sexual debut, improved contraceptive use and reduced incidences of unplanned pregnancies. Factors affecting adolescent parent communicationon SRH issues were identified as cultural and social norms like taboos and generational gap, fear of misconception, negative societal attitudes towards discussing sexuality which create shame and discomfort.The study recommends that parents should improve adolescent – parent communication on sexual and reproductive health issues to ensure the passage of genuine information to adolescents to enable them make informed choices concerning their sexual lives; parents should initiate discussions on SRH issues with their adolescents’ children early in life to ensure that they make the right choices concerning their sexual life. Parents should also forge strong bonds with their children through an atmosphere of friendship and trust, to enable them freely discuss sensitive issues concerning sexual and reproductive health issues.
PREVALENCE OF KIDNAPPING OF CATHOLIC PRIESTS AND THE EROSION OF SOCIAL ORDER IN NIGERIA
The core responsibility of the government is to protect lives and property. In the last decade, Catholic priests had been the target of kidnappers in Nigeria, thereby negatively impacting the Church and social order. This study examined the kidnapping of Catholic priests and the erosion of social order in Nigeria. The study was guided by the assumptions of the social contract theory developed by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Utilizing secondary data obtained through media reports, journal articles, government publications and church publications, the paper employed thematic-content analysis to make sense of the data elicited for the study. The results revealed a widespread threat, with the Port Harcourt Diocese reporting the highest number of cases (20.65%), followed by Owerri Diocese (17.03%), Kaduna Diocese (11.23%) and Onitsha Diocese (10.87%). The kidnapping of Catholic priests in Nigeria spanning the period of 2015 and 2025, has been a systemic and escalating crisis with far-reaching consequences for social order, undermining security, disrupting religious life and weakening public trust and communal stability. The implication of the finding for the study is that the widespread and targeted kidnapping of these harmless men of God, reflects a deepening security crisis in Nigeria, revealing the country’s inability to protect religious figures and emphasizing the pressing need for comprehensive security and socio-political interventions. Addressing this requires comprehensive security reforms, socio-economic interventions and enhanced collaboration between the Church, communities and the government, to restore public safety, religious dignity and societal stability.
COPING STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND HEALTH-RELATED CHALLENGES AMONG ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS IN KADUNA NORTH AREA OF KADUNA STATE - NIGERIA
This study examined the coping strategies adopted by elderly individuals in managing socio-economic and health-related challenges in Kaduna North Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, data were collected from elderly respondents through surveys and in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that the most commonly reported challenges include inadequate food supply, lack of social and emotional support, inability to purchase medication, isolation, and poor housing. In response to these difficulties, the most frequently adopted coping mechanisms include prayer and seeking spiritual comfort, medical treatment, self-control, and social engagement. However, fewer respondents reported engaging in health-promoting behaviors such as maintaining a healthy diet and regular physical activity. Financial challenges were primarily managed through reliance on financial support from children, engaging in economic activities, and, to a lesser extent, depending on pensions or informal employment. The study highlights the critical role of spirituality and family support in the well-being of elderly individuals, while also identifying gaps in self-care practices and financial security. Based on these findings, the study recommends policy interventions to improve access to healthcare, nutritional support programs and economic empowerment initiatives to enhance the quality of life for elderly individuals.
EFFECTS OF KIDNAPPING ON VICTIMS’ EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN CHIKUN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Kidnapping poses a significant threat to educational stability in Nigeria, particularly in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. This qualitative study investigated the effects of kidnapping on the academic activities of victims and explores coping mechanisms employed by victims and their families. Data for the study were obtained from 20 IDI respondents made up of kidnap victims and their family members from six political wards of Chikun, Kujama, Rido, Kakau, Sabon-Gari and Kuriga. The study adopted the theory of social disorganization as its theoretical framework In-depth interviews with victims revealed that kidnapping disrupts educational continuity, leading to reduced school enrollment and academic performance. Ethnographic analysis highlighted the long-term psychological and socio-economic impacts on victims. The study recommends multifaceted interventions, including victim support and counseling programs, financial assistance for educational expenses, and community-based initiatives to mitigate the effects of kidnapping. It stressed the need for policymakers, educators, and stakeholders to emplace targeted support mechanisms to ensure educational continuity and resilience among kidnap victims.
A THEORETICAL REVIEW OF ETHNIC IDENTITY AS IMPEDIMENT TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
This paper is a theoretical review of ethnic identity as an impediment to sustainable development in Nigeria. Ethnic identity has continued to create wide spread division among Nigerians, bringing about instability and insecurity to lives and property. The menace has impeded the efforts toward achieving sustainable development in Nigeria. The paper adopted the Social Identity Theory developed by Tajfel and Turner in 1979 as the theoretical framework. The methodology utilized in this paper is essentially documentary review of literature and statistical data analysis of ethnic identity as an impediment towards achieving sustainable development. The paper argues that with the return of democracy in 1999, the country reinforced the trend with series of violence which affect sustainable development. This created division, anxiety and fear among Nigerians resulting in ethnic killings, which hindered Nigeria’s match toward sustainable development. The trend has affected sustainable development as every state of the nation is bugged by ethnic identity crisis. The trend is compounded by the so-called federal character principle or quota system. The paper concludes that Nigeria cannot achieve sustainable development with the current problem of ethnic identities and recommends the abolition of the idea of identity construction that has led to ethnic identities and hindered the achievement of sustainable development. The paper also recommends that the national assembly should repeal the Act establishing the Federal Character Principle or Quota System in Nigeria.
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF ALFRED SCHUTZ (1899-1959) TO THE EVOLUTION OF PHENOMENOLOGY
Alfred Schutz is known for developing and expanding on Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology, particularly in the realm of the social sciences. While Husserl focused on the structures of consciousness and how objects are perceived, Schutz applied phenomenology to the understanding of the social world, emphasizing how people make sense of their everyday experience. This paper highlighted the contributions of Alfred Schutz to the evolution of phenomenology. Alfred Schutz brought the term, phenomenology into the field of sociology and applied it to address and provide solutions to the problems of society. The key concepts in Alfred Schutz’s phenomenology include life-world, intersubjectivity, stock of knowledge and typifications. Phenomenology in sociology developed around symbolic interactionism and the idea that society is made by people rather than the other way round. The methodology used for this paper is content analysis and the sources of data are secondary. This paper notes that Alfred Schutz’s work emphasizes that the subjective experience of social reality will continue to be influential in the field of sociology.
PREVALENCE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PREDICTORS OF COMMUTER UNIONS IN NIGERIA
Changes have continued to take place in the marriage process given the proportion that is considered married as well as living arrangements after marriage in Nigeria. However, systematic documentation of these changes has been scanty. This study examined the prevalence and socioeconomic predictors of couples in commuter unions in Nigeria. Data was obtained from a nationally representative sample of 8,079 couples from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression were used for the data analysis. The results show that 47% of couples in Nigeria are commuters. In 30%, males alone commute, and women commute alone in about 10%, whereas both commute in 7%. The likelihood of being in a union where only the man commutes decreases significantly when the woman is aged 25-29 and 35-39. The probability that the woman commutes alone significantly increases when the woman has attained secondary and higher education. The likelihood that both partners commute increases significantly when both the man and woman have attained secondary and higher education, work in clerical/services and sales occupations and are living together (not legally married). The results indicate a need for policy reform and initiatives to address the needs of commuting couples in Nigeria, expand job opportunities, diversify the location of industries, and invest more in transportation infrastructure to lessen the commuting burden of couples in Nigeria.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CAUSES, EFFECTS AND REMEDY FOR MALNUTRITION IN UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN IN BARKIN LADI LGA, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
Malnutrition is identified as one of the utmost significant universal health problems, and it affects a large number of children in developing countries including Nigeria. This study investigated the public health implications of malnutrition in under-five children in Barkin Ladi Local Government Area of Plateau State. The works of prominent authors were reviewed in line with the stated objectives. Data were collected both qualitatively and quantitatively using multistage cluster sampling technique to select the communities. Seven villages were randomly selected through balloting and clusters of 93 centers were selected from the seven villages. This study identified risk factors including poor hygiene, diet-related non-communicable diseases, and mortality to be significantly higher in children with malnutrition compared to normal children. The study also found that the educational and economic status of the parents correlated with the nutritional status of the children. The study recommends family planning education, improved provision of infrastructural facilities to rural communities, as well as economic empowerment and provision of security of lives and properties as remedies for the identified challenges.
REINTEGRATION OF REPENTANT OFFENDERS AND CRIME CONTROL IN FULANI COMMUNITIES OF JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
This paper examined the traditional method of crime control and the reintegration of repentant offenders in Fulani communities of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Specifically, it examined the traditional process of reintegrating repentant offenders and the successes of this traditional method of crime control. The Reintegrative Shaming theory was adopted as theoretical framework. The study population consisted of the Fulani, Fulani traditional leaders, Pulaaku committee members and repentant offenders. Cluster, availability and purposive sampling techniques were used and 1,075 respondents were selected as the sample population. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques were deployed for this study. While questionnaire was administered on the Fulani respondents, in-depth interviews were conducted with repentant cattle rustlers, Pulaaku committee members and Fulani traditional leaders. The quantitative data generated from the survey were analysed using percentages, frequency distributions while the qualitative data complemented the quantitative data. Findings revealed that the reintegration of repentant offenders required traditional processes, involving rituals and oath taking. The activities of the members of the Pulaaku committee culminated in the repentance of many offenders and the reduction of criminal activities in Fulani communities. The study recommends a further study to ascertain the fate of the victims of crimes and the impact of this traditional mechanism of reintegration as well as the sustenance of the efforts of the Pulaaku committee in controlling criminal activities in the study area.
DIGITAL MEDIA AND CULTURAL IDENTITY: EXPLORING INTERSECTIONS, IMPACTS, AND CHALLENGES
Over time, digital media has evolved from its inception in the 19th century which ushered in the start of a new industrial era to the advanced innovative technological digital media tools that we have today. Digital media has grown tremendously, infiltrating different industries, societies, and public/private spaces. As such, it has become an integral part of our society and has a significant impact on cultural identity. Through a review of existing literature, this paper delved into the various ways that digital media has been utilized to explore cultural identity. The study contributes to the ongoing discourse on digital media and cultural identity. Guided by the Uses and Gratification theory (1974), the paper analyses the impacts of digital media on cultural identity and also the intersections between digital media and cultural identity. The paper further shed light on the challenges of digital media on cultural identity such as disparities in digital access and literacy, subscriptions, and cyber security threats. The findings from the study highlight the need for full adoption of the various opportunities digital media provides in the expression of cultural identities, empowerment, and visibility. The paper recommends more free training and sensitizations on the different digital media tools, to promote respectful engagement, digital literacy, and inclusivity for users by policymakers and stakeholders.
STATE POLICING: A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO UNITARY POLICING SYSTEM AND CRIME CONTROL IN CONTEMPORARY NIGERIA
The upsurge in criminal activities such as terrorism, armed banditry, robbery, kidnapping, farmer- herder clashes has posed great challenge to the efforts of the Nigerian police to mitigate crime and criminality in the country, thereby necessitating calls for alternative policing in Nigeria. The calls were further reinforced by the public outcry and protest against acts of police brutality culminating in the nationwide #EndSARs campaigns in 2020.This paper examined state policing as an antidote to crime prevention and control in contemporary Nigeria. Despite the potential challenge of state policing being political interference, violation of human rights, inadequate resources, poor communication gaps, coordination and abused of best standard practices across states, the innovation has its inherent merits, principal among which is the localization of crime control as the operators of the system are people who are familiar with the culture and tradition of the communities to which they are deployed to control crimes. The major objective of the study; to examine the role of State police in preventing and controlling crimes in Nigeria. The paper adopted Structural Functionalism theory as theoretical framework. The study utilized documentary secondary data. Major findings of the study is that state policing enables more effective and efficient crime prevention and control, as local police forces would have better understanding of the unique security challenges facing their respective states. The study recommends that the federal government should put in place robust legal frameworks, adequate resources, and oversight mechanisms to mitigate the challenges that may work against the effectiveness of the state policing regime in Nigeria. The study also recommends clear delineation of the roles, responsibilities, and jurisdiction of state police to ensure synergy of operation between operatives of federal and state police.
EFFECTS OF TRANS-BORDER CRIMES ON NIGERIA’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Trans-border crime is a scourge whose harm is equivalent to that of Covid-19 and other related pandemics that require a national emergency response. Trans-border crimes fuel insecurity, endanger the social and mental health of the people, stunt businesses and hinder economic growth, create political instability as well as enhance the production and distribution of counterfeit goods. This paper examined the patterns and causes of trans-border crimes in Nigeria and their implications on the country’s socio-economic development. Data for the study, which were collected through such secondary sources as journal articles, textbooks, research reports, conference proceedings and the internet, were analyzed qualitatively. The routine activity theory was adopted for the study. The findings of the study revealed that smuggling of illegal goods, trafficking in persons, trafficking of illicit small arms and light weapons (SLAW) and smuggling of contrabands by business men and women, rebels, combatants and criminal gangs constituted the patterns through which trans-border crimes flourish. Border porosity, poverty, corruption, price inflation, unemployment, uneven opportunities and Nigeria’s geographical location, were the predisposing causes of trans-border crimes. The study recommends punitive sanctions including long term imprisonment for corrupt border patrol personnel and smugglers while the government should provide employment opportunities for the teeming population of unemployed Nigerian youths who may be lured into engaging in trans-border crimes. Technology-enabled devices such as drones, CCTV Cameras and scanners should be deployed to effectively man the country’s porous land borders to stem the tide of trans-border criminality.
IMPLICATIONS OF ‘NO WORK, NO PAY’ ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF ACADEMIC STAFF UNION OF UNIVERSITIES’ (ASUU) MEMBERS IN MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE, NIGERIA
This study examined the conflict between the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) and the Federal Government of Nigeria (FG), focusing on issues such as inadequate funding, poor salaries, and unfavorable working conditions. These disputes often arise from unmet promises or the government's failure to honor agreements with ASUU. In 2022, the FG took ASUU to court, resulting in the enforcement of the "no work, no pay" policy. The primary concerns fueling ASUU's strikes include insufficient funding of public universities, low lecturer salaries, non-compliance with signed agreements, and the imposition of the Integrated Personnel and Payroll Information System (IPPIS). The no work, no pay policy, has particularly impacted the productivity of ASUU members at the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (MOUAU). This study, guided by Mary Parker Follett’s conflict management theory, investigated the effects of the no work, no pay policy on ASUU members' productivity at MOUAU. A cross-sectional research design was used, with a sample of 320 academic staff members surveyed through closed-ended questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including tables, frequencies, and percentages. The findings reveal that the policy negatively affected productivity, causing demotivation and job dissatisfaction among academic staff. The study recommends that the government abandons the no work, no pay policy, pay outstanding salaries to ASUU members, and adhere to signed agreements, while emphasizing the importance of collective bargaining for national progress.
KIDNAPPING IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES
The phenomenon of kidnapping has emerged as a significant security concern on a global scale, with particular concern in the recent past within Nigeria. The objective of the study was to assess the phenomenon of kidnapping in Nigeria, focusing on its challenges and mitigation strategies. Being a theoretical paper, data for the study were obtained from reviewing pertinent publications, which served as secondary sources of data. The study examined the high incidence of abduction in Nigeria and implicated the influence of socio-economic factors such as unemployment, poverty, and greed, for the emergence, prevalence and challenges associated with kidnapping in the country. The study further revealed that the pursuit and glorification of material wealth can be a further driver of kidnapping, as it is perpetrated by individuals who seek to satisfy their material needs without consideration for the physical, emotional and economic trauma they visit on their victims. The study recommends that governments at all levels should provide employment opportunities for the large number of unemployed youths in Nigeria, particularly in light of the increasing poverty rates among the civilian population. This can be done through deliberate collaborative efforts between the government and the private sector to generate job opportunities for the country's expanding population, particularly for the younger generation. The government should create conducive atmosphere for the expansion of businesses to retain those in paid employment.
FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND CRIME REDUCTION IN GWER WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE - NIGERIA
Financial inclusion (FI) entails access to and use of financial services by all members of society. It is an essential component for sustainable development and social stability. FI strengthens household economies and reduces economic vulnerabilities, providing viable opportunities for empowerment and security. However, financial exclusion remains a nagging problem in developing economies like Nigeria where about 68% of adults lack access to financial services, opportunities and products. The situation is perceived to have worsened the multi-dimensional social, economic, and political challenges confronting the Nigerian state. The study therefore centered on financial inclusion and crime reduction in Gwer West Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. It specifically evaluated the impacts of elements of FI such as bank account ownership and internet banking on crime reduction in the study area. Mixed-method research design was adopted for the study. The study had 386 participants selected through multiple-stage sampling techniques. Well-structured questionnaire and in-depth interview instruments were used to collect data which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and manual content analysis. Hypotheses were tested using the Pearson Moment Product of Correlation Coefficient (Pearson’s r). The study found that there is poor awareness of initiatives to open free bank accounts in the study area. Findings indicated that secure storage of money and reduction in forceful collection of cash by criminal gangs is associated with bank account ownership. The study recommends improved awareness of initiatives to open free bank accounts and increased use of internet banking services in the study area.
BUREAUCRACY AND CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA: ANALYSIS OF PROCUREMENT IN THE POLICE AND MILITARY SECTORS
Corruption has been a critical issue in the development strides of Nigeria, worse where administrative personnel, instead of the diligent execution of work under extant codes of public administration, convert such positions to market-centered platforms for personal profit. The Nigerian armed forces have been playing significant roles in crisis management especially, the fight against insurgency in the country. This paper examined bureaucracy and corruption: analysis of procurement in the police and military. The modernization theory was adopted as the theoretical framework of analysis. Documentary method was adopted as the method of data collection and content analysis was employed as the method of data analysis. Findings from this study has revealed that the Nigerian armed forces do not have adequate weapons to prosecute the war against insurgents. Meanwhile, procurement processes for the acquisition of arms and ammunitions for the Nigerian Army and all the security agencies operating in the country has been marred by corruption. There are also reports of corruption within and outside the armed forces that sabotage the efforts of the armed forces. This third force are politically and financially exposed persons who are involved in corruption. Among the findings, is the fact that although bribery can crop up in arms procurement anywhere, the problem can be far worse in countries where military spending and decision-making lacks transparency, accountability, monitoring and oversight institutions are weak. The paper recommends adequate funding and monitoring of these funds of the armed forces to enable them purchase modern military equipment to fight the insurgents. Therefore, a new approach to arms procurement that seeks to eliminate corruption and some of the controversies surrounding the exercise should be adopted.
PERCEPTION OF WOMEN’S INFERTILITY AMONG THE YORUBAS IN IBADAN, OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Cultural beliefs are consequential in explaining the general perspective of any disease(s) and this has led to discrepancies in the description of the etiology of diseases between patients and professional health care providers, thereby affecting the care provided and patients’ compliance with treatment. Infertility is also seen in that light. This study thus examined the perception of women’s infertility and treatment of infertility among married men and women in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaire copies were administered on 400 respondents while data were elicited from 12 married men and women that were yet to give birth (3 in each of the 4 selected LGAs) through Key Informant Interview (KII) guides. The study measured the perception of infertility, causes of infertility, solution to infertility and association between some demographic variables and the perception of infertility. The results revealed that infertility was majorly discerned as a spiritual problem (40%) and ancestral curses (24%). Solutions to the challenges were diverse as shown by indulgence in prayer (39%), consumption of herbal concoction (29%) and making sacrifices to appease the gods (15%.. Statistically, the Chi Square test showed significant relationship between religion and perception of women infertility. The study recommends aggressive public advocacy programs and pragmatic reproductive health education programmes targeted at addressing misconceptions/fallacies about infertility coupled with accessible and affordable health care for couples horse-trading with infertility.
RURAL POVERTY AND LIVELIHOOD CHALLENGES AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN NSIT ATAI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, AKWA-IBOM STATE
This study examined the problem of rural poverty and how it affects the livelihood of adolescent girls in Nsit Atai Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. Survey research design was used to elicit the opinion of 27 adolescent girls drawn from the three clans that make up the Nsit Atai local government area. In-depth interview method was used for data collection, while the qualitative data derived from the field were content analyzed. The sustainable livelihood approach provided theoretical direction for the study. Findings from the study revealed that the educational pursuit of adolescent girls is hampered in their bid to search for livelihood as most of them miss class lessons in search of food. Furthermore, they are exposed to maltreatment and abuse, particularly from those who engage them as 'house helps'. The study therefore recommends among others, the need for the Akwa Ibom State government to enforce regulations regarding its policy on free and compulsory education beyond urban centers to cover rural areas where adolescent girls are used during school hours for economic activities as a means of livelihood. This is necessary because it will help them to concentrate on acquiring knowledge in school, and as well, boost their capacity to compete favorably when opportunities come their way in the future.
PRIVATE SECURITY COMPANIES AND SECURITY PROVISIONING IN NIGERIA: LESSONS FROM OTHER CLIMES
Insecurity in the form of terrorism, kidnapping for ransom, armed banditry, cattle rustling, armed robbery, murder, rape and other violent crimes are on the increase in Nigeria in spite of government efforts to contain them. There is no gainsaying that government forces are seemingly incapacitated to tackle the upsurge of insecurity across the country as terrorists, kidnappers and armed bandits specifically operate with impunity openly as if government security forces are non-existent. Although, insecurity is a global social problem, Nigerian situation is becoming overwhelming, thereby necessitating the proliferation of private security companies into the security arena to lend support to government security force efforts. Since their emergence into the security architecture, private security companies (PSCs) are creating great impact in security provisioning across the globe thereby complementing the efforts of government law enforcement agencies. In Nigeria, they have made great inroads in security provision such that their presence is felt in all nooks and crannies of the country. This paper examined PSCs and security provisioning in Nigeria with reference to lessons from other climes. The paper utilized exploratory analysis relying largely on qualitative content analysis from secondary sources of data collection through journal articles, books, periodicals, news prints and internet materials. The situational crime prevention and problem-oriented policing theories were used as theoretical framework. The paper showed that private security companies in Nigeria have contributed immensely to checkmating crimes in their areas of operations but lack global relevance as their activities are limited to Nigeria since they are not allowed to bear firearms. PSCs in Nigeria are overburdened with regulations that dwarf their operations cum lacking legislative recognition as components of the national security architecture. The paper underscored the global relevance of private security companies and their emergence and proliferation in Nigeria and concludes that PSCs in Nigeria, though very crucial in security provisioning need to be properly positioned for relevance in the global security market. The paper recommends among others, that relevant legislations should be enacted to allow PSCs in Nigeria bear firearms to enable them participate fully in security provisioning while intra-inter agency collaboration and networking is necessary to strengthen the private security sub sector. This is in addition to allowing PSCs to participate in private detection and prosecution in Nigeria.
DEMOGRAPHY OF AGEING POPULATION IN NIGERIA: TRENDS, CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS
Nigeria, like many other African countries, is experiencing a rapidly ageing population, with significant implications for healthcare, social security, and economic growth. Lack of functional national policy on the care and welfare of older persons in Nigeria, the breakdown of the family structure and the absence of a social security system, present unique challenges to the elderly in Nigeria. This paper analyzes the demography of the ageing population in Nigeria with a focus on the trends, challenges, and implications for healthcare, social security and economic growth. The paper relied on secondary sources of data such as journal articles and books in the area of the ageing population in Nigeria for its analysis. The Disengagement Theory provided theoretical pathway for the study. Based on the review, it was found that the rapidly ageing population poses challenges to Nigeria’s development including strains on social security system, increased healthcare costs, and potential decline in economic productivity. These challenges are due to lack of policies and the appointment of personnel capable of understanding and responding to the current social priorities and complex needs of an increasingly aging population in the country. The paper recommends among others, the need for policy makers to put in place, functional policies towards a robust public pension, insurance and healthcare system to ensure a more sustainable and equitable future for the ageing population in Nigeria.