The Gusau Journal of Sociology, is a biannual, blind peer-reviewed publication of the Department of Sociology, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, Federal University, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria. It seeks to publish both original empirical or theoretical articles addressing wide-ranging academic and policy issues relevant to, but not limited to the fields of Sociology, Criminology, Anthropology, Public Health, Demography, Development Studies, Medical Sociology, Industrial Relations and Social Work.
RESTRUCTURING NIGERIA'S MILITARY ARCHITECTURE: THE ROLE OF C4ISR IN COVERT AND ASYMMETRIC WARFARE
Nigeria has been entangled in complex, multi-front and symmetric conflicts that defy conventional military resolution. From Boko Haram and ISWAP in the North-East to banditry and Lakurawa in the North-West and separatist violence in the South-East, the character of warfare has fundamentally shifted away from state-on-state engagements toward diffuse, non-linear threats. Despite significant defense expenditures and foreign military assistance, Nigeria's conventional force structure has consistently struggled to achieve decisive victory against these adaptive adversaries. This paper argues that meaningful restructuring of Nigeria's military architecture cannot occur without embedding a robust Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) framework as its central nervous system. Drawing on analysis of recent operational experiences, including the landmark of MoU between Nigeria and UK worth of $190 million NiDAR C4I programme announced in March 2026, and intelligence synergy initiatives under the Armed Forces Joint Doctrine Centre, the paper demonstrates that the absence of real-time situational awareness, secure communications interoperability, and integrated intelligence fusion has consistently disadvantaged Nigerian forces. The paper employs a qualitative analytical methodology, synthesizing doctrinal reviews, case evidence, and comparative frameworks. It proposes a decentralized, technology-enabled command model that prioritizes information superiority over firepower dominance. The paper concludes that without doctrinal transformation and placing of C4ISR at the core of covert and asymmetric warfare doctrine, Nigeria risks perpetuating a cycle of tactical success without strategic consolidation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DECONSTRUCTING GLOBAL INSURGENCY: A CRITIQUE OF KILCULLEN’S FRAMEWORK ON TERRORIST LINKAGES
This paper provides a critical analysis of David Kilcullen’s (2004) framework on the links between global terrorist organizations, which identifies eight major dimensions of connectivity: ideology, language and culture, personal history, family relationships, financial networks, operational and planning cooperation, propaganda, and shared doctrines, techniques and procedures. While Kilcullen’s framework is an important contribution to understanding the transnational nature of contemporary terrorism, its application across different contexts reveals both strengths and limitations. Methodologically, the study adopted critical analysis through qualitative documentary research design using secondary sources. The critique highlights that ideological linkages are not uniform, as evidenced by movements, such as Izala in Nigeria, which share Salafi-Wahhabi orientations but remain aligned with state structures rather than insurgent agendas. Similarly, the linguistic and cultural ties emphasized by Kilcullen are less significant in African contexts where groups such as Boko Haram operate primarily in local languages. Moreover, personal history and kinship bonds, while sometimes influential, cannot fully account for the divergent pathways taken by individuals and groups educated within the same traditions. Financial connections, propaganda, and shared tactical doctrines remain strong aspects of Kilcullen’s model, but evolving realities (such as Boko Haram’s reliance on criminal economies and the increasing role of digital platforms in propaganda and recruitment) demand an updated understanding. The critique concludes that Kilcullen’s framework remains a valuable starting point for analysing global jihadist networks, but must be refined to account for local dynamics, digital transformations, and the blurred lines between ideology and organized crime. By situating global linkages within their specific socio-political contexts, a more comprehensive understanding of terrorism and insurgency can be achieved.
PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF CYBERCRIME-DRIVEN PONZI SCHEMES FOR VICTIMS IN IBADAN METROPOLIS, OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Cybercrime-driven Ponzi schemes have inflicted severe psychosocial and economic devastation on many people, specifically urban residents in Nigeria. This phenomenological study explored victims’ lived experiences of two major schemes, Mavrodi Mondial Movement (MMM, 2016–2017) and Crypto Bullion Exchange (CBEX, 2023–2025), in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo State. The study anchored by two theories; lifestyle-exposure and Gullibility Theory. Eighteen victims (10 males, 8 females, and aged 25–52 years) from diverse occupations were purposively recruited via snowball sampling and interviewed in-depth in English or Yoruba between March and June 2025. Thematic analysis generated four themes: rapid spread through WhatsApp, Telegram, cloned apps, and infiltration of churches, markets, and kinship networks; participation despite prior EFCC warnings, driven by affinity trust, economic desperation, low financial literacy, and fear of missing out; profound psychosocial trauma (anxiety, depression, shame, stigma, family crises, suicidal ideation) and catastrophic economic losses (₦80,000–₦400,000+), resulting in business collapse, loan-shark debt, school dropouts, and intergenerational poverty; and victim-recommended prevention strategies. The findings found how cognitive and social-psychological vulnerabilities override caution in economically stressed, collectivist settings. The study offers a victim-centred empirical basis for community-based financial literacy, early-warning networks, free counselling, and real-time regulatory platform collaboration to curb cyber-enabled Ponzi schemes in urban Nigeria.
NETWORKS OF FAVOUR: INFORMAL EXCHANGE AND THE NORMALISATION OF CORRUPTIONIN NIGERIA
The paper discusses corruption in Nigeria as a social phenomenon, rather than as a set of individual moral or legal violations. It argues that corruption constitutes an informal institutional order shaped by patronage, clientelism, prebendalism, rent-seeking, and nepotism. The theoretical base of this study is anchored in structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism and network theory. The study utilises a qualitative, theory-driven, document-based approach to examine the historical trajectory of patronage from precolonial reciprocity systems, to colonial indirect rule and finally to the postcolonial, oil-dependent state. The study demonstrated that corruption has latent stabilising functions in weak institutions, which include helping to form elite consensus, to re-distribute resources and to keep political order. Simultaneously, it entrenches inequality, erodes bureaucratic professionalism, distorts moral values, and undermines democratic accountability. The review also reveals that the cultural norms of loyalty, reciprocity and communal obligation in Nigeria are culture-bound and sanction corruption, where the boundaries between civic duty and self-interest are not distinct. The invisible architecture of governance is a network of patronage among political elites, bureaucrats, contractors, and local intermediaries, and corruption thrives in this environment even after regime change, despite numerous legal reforms. The review concluded that the anti-corruption efforts in Nigeria have failed to achieve the desired results because of their limited scope and the use of a punitive and legalistic approach. It argues that sustainable reform requires a sociological reorientation, which would need to be directed at the social relations, cultural norms and network structures that produce corruption.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHALLENGES IN THE CARE OF ELDERLY IN NIGERIA
This study critically examines the multidimensional challenges confronting Nigeria's rapidly expanding elderly population, projected to reach 33 million by 2050. The study adopted a desk research method whereby related literature were critically reviewed to understand the phenomenon under investigation. This study applied source triangulation by cross-referencing information across different materials, such as verifying institutional reports against government documents and peer-reviewed literature. This study was hinged on Political Economy of Aging theory. This theory provides a critical examination of how entrenched structural conditions in Nigeria, including insufficient pension arrangements, fragile health policy frameworks, and pronounced economic disparities, collectively generate and intensify the vulnerabilities experienced by older persons. By redirecting analytical attention from individual physiological deterioration to the distribution of public resources, this standpoint enables scholars to illustrate how Nigeria’s socio-political structures systematically disadvantage the elderly and shape their access to healthcare as well as economic security. The findings reveal a severe socio-economic crisis: approximately 70–75% of older Nigerians live in poverty, while up to 75% suffer from chronic non-communicable diseases. Furthermore, the traditional extended family support system is eroding due to urbanization, and formal institutional care remains virtually non-existent, a reality that disproportionately marginalizes elderly women. The public healthcare infrastructure is grossly ill-equipped for geriatric care. To avert a worsening crisis, the study recommends implementing a non-contributory universal social pension, integrating specialized geriatric care into Primary Health Care (PHC) centres, fully subsidizing health insurance, funding the National Policy on Ageing, and providing financial incentives for informal family caregivers.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION ERRORS AND HEALTH OUTCOMES AMONG PATIENTS IN SELECTED HOSPITALS IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Medication administration errors (MEs) are a critical global healthcare issue, significantly impacting patient safety and health outcomes, particularly in low-resource settings like Niger State, Nigeria. This study investigates the relationship between MEs and health outcomes among patients in six selected hospitals in Niger State. Guided by Robert K. Merton’s Theory of Unintended Consequences (1936), the research explores how purposive actions in medication administration can lead to unforeseen adverse outcomes due to ignorance, error, short-term concerns, and systemic complexities. A cross-sectional survey of 345 respondents (healthcare professionals and patients) utilized a 4-point Likert scale questionnaire to assess perceptions of ME impacts, complemented by 18 key informant interviews for qualitative insights focusing on reflexive thematic analysed. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysed quantitative data, revealing a significant but moderate relationship (R=0.463, R²=0.215, p<0.001) between MEs and health outcomes, with mistakes in medical orders (β=0.242, p=0.001) and wrong-route administration (β=-0.211, p<0.000) as key predictors. Common MEs included wrong medication (79.2% agreement), incorrect dose (69.5%), wrong route (54.2%), and providing medication to a wrong patient (60.6%), leading to adverse drug effects, hospitalizations, and increased mortality. Despite global efforts to reduce MEs, their persistence in Niger State underscores the need for targeted interventions. Recommendations include implementing barcode scanning, standardized checklists, and increased staffing to mitigate errors. This study provides a foundation for policy changes to enhance patient safety in Niger State’s healthcare system, addressing a critical gap in understanding MEs in resource-constrained settings.
WOMEN’S KNOWLEDGE AND SELF-CARE PRACTICES IN THE PREVENTION OF REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS (RTIS): IMPLICATIONS FOR REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN NIGERIA
Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) have continued to present a significant public health problem, especially in developing countries, due to their impact on reproductive and general wellbeing of women. This literature review highlights the importance of women's knowledge about RTIs and self-preventive measures against them, specifically chlamydia, gonorrhoea, bacterial vaginosis, and candidiasis. The theoretical framework underpinning this study was Pender's Health Promotion Model (1982). The model states that health promotion is influenced by an individual's perception, knowledge, and beliefs towards healthy lifestyle. A narrative literature review design was used where selected peer-reviewed studies and articles on RTIs were discussed. It was established that women were generally aware about RTIs, but they lacked adequate knowledge about symptoms, causes, preventive and treatment measures, especially rural women. Further, the review pointed out that the self-care behavioururs of women have a significant bearing on the prevention and incidence of RTIs. Healthy behaviours, which include proper menstrual hygiene, hygienic vaginal care, hydration, and healthy eating habits, are associated with a low incidence of RTIs while unhealthy behaviours, such as vaginal douching, using unhygienic materials during menstruation, have been linked to high vulnerability to RTIs. Further, some of the factors found to act as barriers to healthcare seeking behaviour of women included poverty, shame and embarrassment, lack of information about RTIs, lack of access to healthcare facilities, and hostility from healthcare workers. It was recommended that hhealth education specialists, community health workers, and media groups should conduct reproductive health education programmes within schools, markets, churches, and other places within the community, in order to create awareness among women regarding RTI prevention and
ALTERNATIVE SECURITY ARCHITECTURES AND PUBLIC SAFETY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AMOTEKUN OPERATIONS IN IBADAN, NIGERIA
The rising incidence of insecurity across Nigeria has necessitated the emergence of alternative security frameworks, particularly in regions where trust in conventional policing has declined. In Southwestern Nigeria, the establishment of the ‘Amotekun’ represents a culturally grounded response to escalating security challenges, rooted in indigenous systems and community-based vigilance. This study examines the informal security structure among the Yoruba population in Ibadan, focusing on the emergence, roles, and operational effectiveness of the Southwestern Security Network (Amotekun). The study was guided by three objectives: to examine Amotekun’s operational strategies, assess its effectiveness in addressing local security concerns, and identify challenges limiting its performance. Structural functionalist theory was used to anchor this study. A quantitative research design was adopted, and data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 98 residents across selected areas in Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling techniques to ensure representativeness. Findings revealed that Amotekun is widely perceived as a responsive and culturally attuned security outfit that has bridged critical gaps left by formal security agencies. Its role in community surveillance, crime deterrence, and rapid responses are particularly valued. However, the corps faces significant challenges, including inadequate funding, poor logistics, and insufficient legal backing, which hinder its effectiveness. The study concludes that with improved institutional support, enhanced legal frameworks, and better coordination with formal security agencies, Amotekun can serve as a sustainable model for community policing. It recommends increased funding, capacity building, and strengthened inter-agency collaboration
THE FUTURE OF POLICING IN NIGERIA: FOCUS ON REFORMS, INNOVATION AND DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY
The problem of policing in Nigeria has become one of increasing concern regarding institutional, operational, and legitimacy issues in response to rising levels of insecurity and the requirement for increased police accountability. In this paper, the future of policing in Nigeria is explored through an assessment of the innovations needed to develop a more efficient and accountable policing service within Nigeria. Anchored on democratic policing theory, broken windows theory, and social contract theory, the paper focuses on examining issues relating to the challenges faced by the Nigeria Police Force regarding its operational and institutional aspects, effectiveness of the on-going reforms aimed at transforming and improving the quality of policing in the country, decentralisation of the police through the state and community-based policing models, significance of technological advancement and intelligence-led policing, and ultimately, adapting democratic policing in the local environment of Nigeria. The study utilises desktop research approach and content analysis of previous studies. Findings reveal that NPF is still struggling under the burden of institutional centralisation, logistical insufficiencies, manpower insufficiencies, corruption, poor welfare system, lack of accountability, and conflict between the police force and the community. While the process of police reforms using legislations such as the Police Act 2020 and community policing remains promising, the process of implementation has been quite haphazard and non-localised. In addition, this study has shown that decentralising policing is important although it should go hand-in-hand with strict regulations that discourage any attempt by politicians to manipulate the police force. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that technology and intelligence-led policing remain inadequately developed, making the ability of law enforcement officers to address emerging criminal activities, such as cybercrime, terrorism, and organised crimes, difficult. To conclude, this study proves that the process of remodelling policing in Nigeria should be a holistic one taking into account democratic reform, professionalism, technology, community cooperation, and international experiences. Establishment of state police is highly recommended.
COMMUNITY-DRIVEN STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING FARM THEFT, CROP DESTRUCTION, AND RELATED CRIMES IN AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
Agricultural insecurity is a major problem in Nigeria's rural communities, as it negatively impacts on agriculture, the economy and food security, thereby causing disruptions in agricultural activities, lowering agricultural productivity and thus reducing the livelihoods of the people in the rural areas. The problem of farm theft, crop destruction and crime have been on the rise in the Southwest and has had a devastating impact on the lives of farmers and the peaceful coexistence of the region. This paper examines community responses in relation to the strategies that can be deployed on the ground in response to rural agricultural insecurity. Using qualitative research design, Key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with five stakeholders, while one in-depth interview was administered to the conventional security personnel per community to gather detailed insights on existing and community-driven strategies. The data collected for the study were thematically analysed. The study revealed that theft and crop destruction are greatly endemic, devastating, and has negatively affected the psychic of most vulnerable farmers. The study showed that current crime prevention strategies in these areas naturally rely on conventional law enforcement methods that are limited in scope and efficiency. The study recommends that there is a need to develop a formalized structure involving NSCDC, Police, OPC, vigilantes, and traditional authorities for rural surveillance, intelligence-sharing, and joint patrol operations. The study further recommends that every rural area, ward or village should set up inclusive security committees with representation from farmers, women, youth, traditional leaders, and local security outfits, meeting monthly to assess threats and coordinate responses.
Socio- Economic Status and the Utilization of Modern Family Planning Methods among Sexually Active Women in Nasarawa Southern Senatorial Zone
This study assessed socio-economic status and the utilization of modern family planning methods among sexually active women in Nasarawa South Senatorial Zone, Nasarawa State. This is premised on the thesis thatthe family being the bedrock of society, there is the need for proper family planning to drive meaningful development. The study specifically examined key socio-economic factors affecting the utilization of modern family planning methods among sexually active women in Nasarawa South Senatorial Zone of Nasarawa State. Such factors include level of education, occupation, income and location of residence. Data were collected using Questionnaire and key informant interview (KII). A total of 1067 questionnaire copies was administered, out of which 1,025, representing 96.1% return rate, were used for the analysis. The study which was conducted in Awe, Doma, Keana, Lafia and Obi, the five Local Government Areas that constitute the Nasarawa South Senatorial Zone, found that location of residence, educational level, occupation and income level, influence use of modern family planning methods among women in the study location and. recommends that Government and Non-Governmental organizations should intensify campaigns on girl-child education, enhance vocational and income generating activities for women and girls as well as create job opportunities for women to mitigate poverty. It also recommends that appropriate contraceptives should be made available to desiring women to boost family planning.
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Analysis of the Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Its Implications for Farmers in Nigeria
Occupational hazards in the agricultural sector, have posed serious risks to both workers’ lives and agricultural productivity. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is essential for safeguarding farmers’ health, safety and well-being. However, only a few studies in Nigeria have specifically examined the challenges that small and medium scale farmers face when adopting PPE for agrochemical use. This paper interrogates the challenges that small and medium scale farmers face in adopting PPE for agrochemical use and the health implications of their inability or failure to adequately make use of PPE when handling agrochemicals. In other words, the paper examines the barriers to PPE use among these farmers, utilizing secondary data while beingguided by the Fundamental Cause Theory. The paper underscores the need for increased awareness of the health risks associated with agrochemical usage in farm management. The paper concludes that the socio-economic status of farmers, has a significant effect on the use of PPE, and consequently affects the health status of the farmers in different ways. The paper recommends targeted interventions by both governmental and non-governmental organizations through a comprehensive education on the need for the use of PPE, good regulatory measures, as well as the alleviation of poverty among rural farmers through financial assistance, among others, to ensure that they can afford necessary safety equipment to mitigate the health risks associated with agrochemical usage.
Fuel subsidy removal and household health expenditures: A study of coping strategies in sub-urban areas of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
This study examined the impact of fuel subsidy removal on household health expenditure and coping strategies among residents of sub-urban communities in Makurdi Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria. Focusing on adults and household heads in Tse-Ikula, Apir, Tyo Mu, and Kanshio, the research adopts a descriptive and analytical design with a quantitative approach. A total of 300 respondents, representing the fully completed questionnaire copies from 350 distributed, were selected using Cochran’s formula and a stratified multi-stage sampling technique to ensure proportional representation across the four communities. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using appropriate statistical methods in SPSS version 27. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed, including frequencies, percentages, Chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression to explore associations, differences, and predictors among key variables. Findings revealed that fuel subsidy removal led to a substantial increase in household health expenditures, with 67% of respondents reporting higher medical costs. However, no statistically significant association was found between increased health expenditure and delay in seeking healthcare services (χ² = 1.67, p = 0.197). Income level showed only marginal influence on coping strategies, indicating that households across income categories adopted similar measures such as reducing non-essential spending, borrowing money, or switching to cheaper healthcare providers. The study concludes that while fuel subsidy removal has perceptible economic impacts on household budgets, its direct effect on healthcare-seeking behaviour remains limited. It recommends targeted health subsidies, expansion of community-based health insurance and strengthened primary healthcare systems to cushion vulnerable populations against the adverse effects of subsidy removal.
Gendered Communication and Demographic Perspectives on Fuel Subsidy Removal in Nigeria: Lessons for Policy Formulation
This study examined the gendered communicative implications of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria using insights from Feminist Economics, Gendered Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity theories. These frameworks explain why subsidy reforms, though fiscally necessary, produce unequal outcomes because women’s unpaid care roles, limited access to resources, and restricted economic mobility heighten their exposure to fuel-price shocks. A qualitative, interpretive mixed-method review design was adopted. The study analysed 35 academic articles, policy reports, NGO publications, and demographic datasets published between 2005 and 2024. Sources were drawn from major scholarly databases and institutional repositories. An intersectional feminist lens guided thematic analysis, while secondary datasets supported demographic profiling and triangulation. Findings show that fuel subsidy removal intensifies household energy burdens and inflationary pressures, disproportionately affecting women, informal workers, and low-income households. Women’s limited financial buffers, caregiving responsibilities, and dominance in the informal sector reduce their adaptive capacity and deepen economic strain. Communication analysis reveals that government and media messaging is largely gender-neutral, urban-centred, and inaccessible to many vulnerable groups, limiting understanding and engagement. Demographic data identify female-headed households, rural populations, informal traders, and youth in precarious employment as the most affected. Overall, the study demonstrates that subsidy removal has deeply gendered consequences and highlights the need for gender-responsive policymaking, inclusive communication strategies, and targeted social protection to ensure equitable reform outcomes.
Harnessing Nigeria’s Demographic Dividend: Empirical Evidence from Longitudinal National Data
This paper analysed Nigeria’s potential to harness her demographic dividend leading to accelerated economic development. Adopting Demographic Transition Theory, the research utilized quantitative methodology to situate the relationship between Nigeria’s shifting age structure and key economic indicators. Utilizing longitudinal data from the World Bank and the United Nations Population Division from 1990 to 2022, the analysis adopted regression models to measure the impact of demographic changes on GDP per capita growth. The study indicated that a 1 percentage point increase in the working-age population share is associated with a 0.4 percentage point increase in annual GDP per capita growth, confirming a statistically significant demographic dividend. Nevertheless, the potential remains stagnant due to significant regional disparities, especially between the Southern and Northern parts of Nigeria. For instance, while primary school enrollment exceeds 90% nationally, secondary enrollment falls below 50%, and critical infrastructure gaps persist, with only 57% of the population having access to electricity. The study concludes that Nigeria's youthful population, with 43% of its 220 million people under 15 years of age, presents a moment to decide how to address the issues by focusing on benefiting from the demographic dividends. The paper recommends targeted policy interventions focused on strategic investments in secondary and tertiary education, healthcare quality, and high-density job creation in manufacturing and digital sectors to transform the current demographic potential into sustainable and inclusive economic prosperity.
Factors affecting Women’s Participation in Community Development in Kakwagom-Boki Local Government Area - Cross River State
Community development is a vital aspect of sustainable growth and social progress, requiring the active involvement of all members, regardless of gender. In many regions of the world, including Kakwagom in Boki Local Government of Cross River State of Nigeria, women's participation in community development remains an issue of significant concern. This is even as women over the years, contribute to the growth of their society in spite of the many limitations standing in their way. This study explored the complex web of factors influencing women's participation in community development initiatives and specifically investigated the extent of women’s representation in decision-making bodies and their participation in community development. To appropriately tackle and capture the variables involved in the study, the qualitative research method was adopted. Two focus group discussions FGDs) and four in-depth interviews (IDIs) were carried out. Findings revealed a wealth of knowledge on factors affecting women's participation in community development in Kakwagom Boki Local Government of Cross River State, ranging from inability to access financial and property ownership to prevention of women from taking decisions in the community. The study recommends among others, improvement in women’s access to resources such as land, credit and healthcare facilities and appointment into positions of leadership and decision-making bodies in the community. Mentorship programmes, collaboration and networking should be encouraged among women's groups and other stakeholders to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and resources.
Experiences of Gender-Based Violence among girls in IDPs camps in Northeast Nigeria
This study is a desk review which seeks to assess gender-based violence (GBV) experiences among girls living in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps in North-Eastern Nigeria. Building on previous findings and existing literature, institutional and policy reports published between 2014 and 2024, the study examines the nature, causes, consequences, and gaps in responses related to gender-based violence in these humanitarian contexts. The study draws on existing empirical literature to highlight recurring patterns of vulnerability and structural inequality shaping the experiences of displaced girls. It further employs a sociological theoretical framework to explain how power relations and systemic deprivation reinforce these patterns of violence. Findings of the study reveal consistent sexual exploitation, forced or early marriage, violent physical treatment and trauma as the prevailing types of violence confronting girls in displaced camps. Factors contributing to this menace are deprived economic access, weaknesses in the protective institutions, prevailing patriarchal norms, and depletion in traditional protection system. The study also captures devastating mental, social, physical and economic implications for survivors. For the fact that there have been both humanitarian and government responses such as health services and legal framework, there remains gaps in the areas of funding, access, coordination and accountability. The study recommends improved services for survivors and upgrading the centres, legal re-enforcement, promoting equitable gender norms and investing in long-term protection systems to ensure the rights and dignity of displaced girls are upheld.
Effects of Communal Conflicts on Socio-Economic Activities in Oju Local Government Area of Benue State
Peace is the foundation upon which every society thrives. However, communal conflicts in Oju Local Government Area disrupt the peace, thereby affecting several livelihood activities. This paper examined the extent to which communal conflicts affect socio-economic activities in Oju Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. The paper adopted a descriptive survey design to assess the disruption of key socio-economic activities, including agriculture, trade, culture, and recreation. A total of 375 respondents were selected using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Data were collected through questionnaires and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and Pearson Correlation, while qualitative data were unbundled using content analysis. Findings revealed that communal conflicts significantly disrupted major socio-economic activities in the area. Crop farming, was greatly affected by destruction of farmlands and displacement of farmers, leading to food shortages and economic hardship. Trading activities declined due to insecurity, which hindered market operations and supply chains. Religious gatherings and cultural events were disrupted by fear and mistrust, reducing social cohesion and communal unity. Similarly, sports and other recreational activities that previously fostered youth engagement and peace were abandoned, thereby increasing youth involvement in violent activities. The Pearson Correlation result (r = 0.074, p = 0.03) confirmed a statistically significant relationship between communal conflicts and disruptions in socio-economic activities. It was concluded that communal conflicts erode economic stability, social cohesion, and peace-building opportunities, which exacerbates poverty and deepen divisions among communities The paper recommends that Local government, extension services, community leaders, and security agents should protect farmlands, grazing and fishing areas, markets, transport routes, recreational centres, cultural and worship centres to avert conflicts and ensure safe access and sustained agricultural and livestock productivity, cultural and recreational events.
Police Brutality and Human Rights in Shagamu Ogun State, Nigeria
Police brutality is a global phenomenon. The practice has dire consequences for fundamental human rights. It has far and remote implications for loss of lives and property. The limited literature on the police brutality and human rights prompted this research. The study assessed police brutality and human rights in Shagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria. It adopted mixed research methods and it is descriptive and cross-sectional in nature. It is anchored strain and routine activity theories. Primary data were obtained through the administration of questionnaire on 108 respondents in Shagamu, Ogun State. The Yamane Taro formula was adopted to determine the sample size. Simple and stratified sampling methods were employed. The study hypothesis tested on the significant relationship between police brutality and security of lives and property. The P-value of 0.292 exceeded the level of significance at 0.05, meaning that police brutality leads to loss of lives and property. The study recommends an established criminal justice system for trial and punishment of erring police officers while members of the public should be well-educated on their fundamental human rights as well as limits of police officers.
Persistence of Examination Malpractices as a Reflection of Dysfunctional Social Institutions in Nigeria: Evidence from the Federal University of Technology (FUTA) Akure
This research was conducted to make empirical findings on the persistence of Examination Malpractices (EMs) among students of higher institutions in Nigeria using the Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA) as a point of reference. A total of 466 participants responded to the online structured questionnaire disseminated through the social media platforms of WhatsApp and the Telegram over a period of three months (June- August, 2025). The data were analysed using SPSS package involving the use of chi-square for categorical data. Findings revealed that cheating in examination remains persistence because of systemic abnormalities which include some parents and staff who aid and abet cheating in examination as well as a lack of adequate facilities and unconducive environments for examinations The study recommends among other things that all stakeholders should be held accountable in issues of examination misconduct and adequate punishment measure be meted out to all perpetrators. It also recommends that the governments at all levels should prioritize improvements in the learning environment as well as ensuring the availability of appropriate facilities.
A Review of the Evolution of Criminology and its Impact on Criminal Justice Administration in Nigeria
This paper examined the historical progression of criminology and its impact on the administration of criminal justice in Nigeria, focusing on the challenges and possible solutions to enhance the system. The study utilizes a dialectical review method utilizing qualitative research design, within the Social Disorganization Theory. It delves into early criminological theories, such as the theological explanations, the classical school of thought, biological theories, psychological theories, and crime in primitive societies, tracing their effects on contemporary criminology. The research also addresses the development of criminology in Nigeria, the contributions of criminology to societal advancement, and the obstacles faced by the Nigerian criminal justice framework. The results indicate that criminology has greatly aided society by elucidating human behavior, advocating for justice, and promoting social order. Nonetheless, Nigeria's criminal justice system encounters several issues, including corruption, insufficient recruitment in law enforcement, and a lack of public confidence. To tackle these challenges, the study suggests improving accountability, boosting funding and resources, implementing community-based programs, and reinforcing anti-corruption agencies. By embracing these suggestions, Nigeria's justice system can become fairer and more effective, ultimately fostering justice and safety for its citizens.
Plea Bargain and the Culture of “Loot Plenty and Return Little” in Benue State, Nigeria
This study assessed the relationship between plea bargaining in Nigeria’s criminal justice system and the culture of “loot plenty and return little” in Benue State Nigeria. The study was anchored on the assumption that the increasing adoption of plea bargaining, though intended to enhance judicial efficiency, may have inadvertently weakened deterrence and accountability in corruption cases. A correlational research design was employed. A sample of 384 respondents was selected using data collected through a structured questionnaire and complemented with in-depth interviews. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for quantitative analysis, while thematic content analysis was applied for qualitative data. Findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between plea bargaining and the persistence of looting culture in Benue State. Respondents agreed that plea bargaining helps offenders escape full punishment (x̄ = 3.48, SD = 0.66) and promotes a culture of “loot plenty and return little” (x̄ = 3.46, SD = 0.67). The overall mean scores ranged from 3.38 to 3.52, indicating a broad consensus that plea bargaining encourages corruption and undermines accountability. Qualitative data further revealed that the process is perceived as biased toward wealthy and politically connected offenders, eroding public confidence in the justice system. The study concludes that while plea bargaining remains a potentially useful judicial mechanism, its current implementation in Nigeria especially in Benue State, fosters impunity. It recommends stronger statutory guidelines, transparent restitution processes, and public disclosure of plea deals to restore public trust and enhance the integrity of the justice system.
A Sociological Perspective on the Medicalisation of Crime in the Nigerian Justice System
Medicalisation of crime reflects a shift in contemporary Justice System, where deviant behaviour is interpreted and managed through medical frameworks. Within the Nigerian context, this phenomenon has deep implications, particularly in the treatment of delinquents associated with drug abuse, murder, insurgency, terrorism, and cybercrimes. This paper examines the trend of medicalising crimes within the Nigerian Justice System through the lens of Medical Sociology, justified by the need to interrogate the thin line between criminality and illness, and its importance lies in its capacity to illuminate the intersection between health and justice. Drawing on the theoretical framework such as Conrad’s theory of medicalisation, Foucault’s concept of the medical gaze, and labelling theory by Howard Becker, this paper explores how criminal behaviour is reframed as a product of mental disorders rather than deliberate aberration. The paper employs a conceptual and interpretive methodology as it does not rely on field data, but engages with ideas, theories, and existing literature. The paper examines selected judicial cases like Faith Isoken v. The State (2018), Edoho v. The State (2016), and Kaza v. The State (2008), as well as the administrative initiative programs like Operation Safe Corridor (2016–date). The analysis reveals that while medicalisation introduces a more humane approach to justice by recognizing offenders as individuals in need of treatment, it also exposes systemic inequalities. The affluent, who can afford psychiatric evaluation and legal representation, often benefit from mitigated judgments, whereas indigent defendants are denied similar consideration due to lack of access to psychiatric expertise. The study finds that this uneven application reproduces social and class disparities within the criminal justice system, thereby reinforcing structural inequality under the guise of therapeutic reform. It concludes that equitable access to forensic psychiatric evaluation and mental health services must be institutionalized within Nigeria’s Justice System to ensure justice that is both fair and restorative.
INFLUENCE OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENTS ON CONSUMER BUYING HABITS OF NIVEA PRODUCTS IN ADO-EKITI-NIGERIA
This study investigated the influence of celebrity endorsements on consumer buying habits of NIVEA products, how consumers perceive and respond to celebrity endorsements, the extent to which these endorsements shape consumer preferences and brand loyalty, and the impact of negative publicity about celebrity endorsers on purchasing decisions in Ado-Ekiti,. The study used questionnaire to gain in-depth insight into consumer behavior. The research objectives focused on determining the direct influence of celebrity endorsements on buying habits; ascertaining consumer perceptions and responses; evaluating the impact on brand preferences and loyalty; and assessing the effects of negative publicity. Findings indicate that celebrity endorsements significantly influence consumer buying habits for NIVEA products, enhancing brand awareness, creating emotional connections, building trust, and driving purchase decisions. The research also revealed that while celebrity endorsements are generally beneficial, they carry potential risks, particularly in cases of negative publicity. Despite these risks, strong brand loyalty suggests that NIVEA has successfully built a brand identity that transcends individual endorsers. The study therefore recommends that the NIVEA brand should ensure transparency and authenticity in endorsements and that they should also develop crisis management strategies in case of negative publicity about celebrity endorsers.
INTERROGATING THE PARADOX AND CONJECTURES OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE DEFICIT IN AFRICA
This paper examined leadership and governance crisis in contemporary Africa, and its attendant consequences on state development. Leadership failure has been the bane of African states since post-independence, decades ago. Lack of ideology and absence of leadership with transformative attitude has been one of several reasons why governance isreceding on the continent. The impact of leadership in promoting good governance and development of a state and a strong linkage between political leadership and good governance is what define transformative and responsive government that cares for welfare of the citizenry. However, with few exceptions in some African states, citizens have continued to bear the burden of leadership failure. The key objective of this paper is to examine the major impacts of leadership on good governance. While the paper acknowledges the efforts of some of these political leaders to transform their states, the fact however, remains that the means of executing these noble transformative goals are in a “state of vacillation”. The studyadopted elite theory as its theoretical framework and relied on secondary source of information for its data. The paper found that the recycling of poor leadership has continued to dash all hopes of achieving growth and development in Africa and recommends that stakeholders in these countries must device new approaches to leadership recruitment; while the political leadership must strive to promote probity, accountability and good governance.
EXAMINING THE ROLE OF POLITICAL GODFATHERISM IN SHAPING DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA
Political godfatherism remains a pervasive and deleterious phenomenon within Nigerian politics, posing significant challenges to democratic consolidation and political development. This paper interrogates the multifaceted roles of political godfathers, who exert undue influence over elected officials through financial patronage and sponsorship. Such influence undermines electoral integrity and governance. Utilizing a documentary review methodology, the study synthesizes historical records, contemporary analyses, and academic literature, selected based on relevance and credibility, for the period 2015-2024, to contextualize the entrenchment of godfatherism in Nigerian politics. Systematic content analysis was applied to these documents, enabling the identification of key themes and patterns. The analysis is anchored on the theory of neopatrimonialism, which demonstrates how personalistic power relations, clientelism, and informal patronage networks within formal bureaucratic structures subvert democratic institutions. Findings reveal that political godfatherism restricts electoral competitiveness, debilitates civic culture, exacerbates socio-economic inequalities, and perpetuates elite dominance in governance. Godfathers manipulate candidate selection, influence policy decisions, and foster political violence, thereby eroding public accountability and cultivating widespread apathy towards political participation. These dynamics significantly hinder Nigeria’s progress towards democratic maturity. The study recommends enhancing civic engagement and political participation, promoting public interest journalism, reforming electoral laws to facilitate the emergence of alternative political platforms, and revising internal party regulations as antidotes to elite manipulation. Such interventions will serve to recalibrate political structures toward inclusive and accountable governance.
PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF TYPE2 DIABETES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR IN KATAGUM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BAUCHI STATE
This research examined knowledge of type2 diabetes among members of the public in Katagum Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria. It assessed the factors that shape health-seeking behaviour among the public in general and people with type 2 diabetes in particular as well as provide insights into healthcare practices in the region. Through a mix of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, including surveys and interviews, the study succeeded in bringing to the fore, salient issues impacting health-seeking practices in this population. The study recommends that tailored interventions should consider working with religious leaders to spread awareness about Type 2 Diabetes as religious leaders could be powerful allies in disseminating health messages that will increase not only public awareness, but patient care strategies in managing type 2 diabetes as well.
IMPACT OF SOCIOCULTURAL BELIEFS ON MATERNAL HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOR AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN ZAMFARA STATE
Maternal health outcomes in Nigeria remain among the poorest globally, particularly in northern states such as Zamfara, with socio-cultural factors playing pivotal roles in influencing women’s health-seeking behavior. This study explored how cultural norms, religious beliefs, gender roles, and traditional healthcare systems affect the utilization of maternal health services among women of reproductive age in Zamfara State. Employing a mixed-methods design, data were collected from 150 women through surveys and 12 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) sessions across three local government areas: Gusau, Kaura Namoda, and Anka. The findings revealed that early marriage, low level of women's autonomy, practice of spiritual healing, reliance on traditional birth attendants, and minimal male involvement, pose significant obstacles to accessing antenatal and skilled birth care. Even though there is an awareness of the advantages of formal healthcare, cultural preferences, financial limitations, and interpretations of religious beliefs affect women’s choices. The study recommends culturally sensitive health interventions, community engagement, and policy reforms to enhance maternal healthcare utilization.
PROTESTS AND THE CHALLENGE OF ADDRESSING UNRESOLVED SOCIOECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ISSUES IN NIGERIA’S 2024 “END BAD GOVERNMENT” MOVEMENT
Nations exist because of the people, and the people make democracies endearing. Public protest has remained a basic right and important activity in a democracy. Over the years, Nigeria has faced numerous environmental, political, and socio-economic problems begging for attention and answers. The government seems unperturbed about finding lasting solutions to these challenges as the political leadership is more concerned with capturing and holding on to power. In the long run, the people have resort to protests demanding solutions to these recurring societal challenges. This study interrogated protests and the challenge of addressing unresolved socioeconomic and political issues in Nigeria’s 2024 “End Bad Government” Movement. The study adopted David Easton’s System theory as a theoretical framework for analysis and the secondary method of data analysis. Thus, the study examined whether bad leadership and unresponsive governance result in protests in Nigeria, and whether suppression of dissenting voices results in protests in Nigeria. The findings revealed that bad leadership, infringement on rights and inability to access basic social amenities, among others, have often resulted in protests in Nigeria. Also, insensitive leadership significantly affected protests, and in most cases, affects government policies. The study concludes that protests have ignited conversations about governance, accountability, and human rights in Nigeria. The “End bad government” protest also created awareness of social issues, activated civic activism necessitated by political consciousness and engagement, leading to policy reforms. As such, comprehensive reforms, when put in place to ensure that rights are protected, the well-being and welfare of the people are realized, and basic social amenities are accessible, will surely prevent protests in Nigeria.
HERDER-FARMER CRISES AND FOOD SECURITY IN AGATU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
Herder-farmer crises have become frequent occurrences especially among rural communities in recent years. Farmers have decried their inability to undertake farming activities due to such crises. Thus, this incidence has brought about food scarcity and hike in food prices not only in the affected communities but across the globe. This study therefore assessed herder-farmer crises and food security in Agatu Local Government Area of Benue State. Specifically, the study investigated the causes of herder-farmer crises and the consequences on food security. The study adopted the frustration-aggression theory and utilized cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 394 respondents was drawn from a population of 166,900 using multistage sampling technique. The instrument used for data collection was semi-structured interview. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics tool such as frequencies and simple percentages. Findings identified land encroachment, inadequacy of security personnel and absence of anti-open grazing law as causes of the crises. Findings indicated that herder-farmer crises affect food availability, accessibility and stability in the study area by denying farmers access to farmlands to cultivate crops. The study therefore recommends that the Benue State Government in collaboration with the Federal Government should as a matter of urgency deploy adequate security personnel to Agatu land. The Federal Government should also compensate victims of the crises as most of them lack shelter, adequate food and access to quality health care, amongst others.